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1 Chapter 2Fig. 2–1. Agroforestry priorities: Temperate and tropical. Fig. 2–2. Principles and benefits derived from the windbreak agroforestry pr...

2 Chapter 3Fig. 3–1. Hypothetical relationship between perennialism and sustainability ...Fig. 3–2. (A) Categorization of ecosystems in terms of the spatial and tempo...Fig. 3–3. Hypothetical changes in energy and nutrient fluxes, pools and cond...Fig. 3–4. Example of an amoeba diagram (NPV, net present value; BOD, biologi...

3 Chapter 4Fig. 4–1. The production possibility curves for two species, A and B: (a) Po...Fig. 4–2. Net photosynthesis as a function of photosynthetically active radi...Fig. 4–3. Grain yield of alley‐cropped maize at the edge (average of eastern...Fig. 4–4. Extent of damage to trees by cattle during second year after plant...Fig. 4–5. Relationships between cattle stocking rate (livestock units, LU) a...Fig. 4–6. Acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and crude protein o...Fig. 4–7. Effect of trees on air and soil temperature of holm oak dehesas: (...Fig. 4–8. Average leaf N (a) concentrations and (b) amounts in wild cherry a...

4 Chapter 5Fig. 5–1. Wind flow patterns (A) over, (B) around, and (C) through a field w...Fig. 5–2. Changes in the pressure coefficient at ground level windward and l...Fig. 5–3. Wind speed reductions at different distances to the lee of windbre...Fig. 5–4. The amount of snow storage windward and leeward of a snow fence or...Fig. 5–5. Number and time of occurrence of male and female flowers of muskme...Fig. 5–6. The generalized case for crop yield responses for a field windbrea...Fig. 5–7. Cross‐section of a feedlot windbreak designed for wind and snow pr...Fig. 5–8. Generalized windbreak design for odor mitigation in central Iowa....

5 Chapter 6Fig. 6–1. Grazed open canopied ponderosa pine forest, eastern Oregon. Fig. 6–2. Cattle grazing Coastal bermudagrass beneath southern pines in a so...Fig. 6–3. Heifers in open pastures seeking relief from the heat by wallowing...Fig. 6–4. White clover forms a symbiotic relationship with rhizobial bacteri...Fig. 6–5. A thinning 3 yr prior to the collection of these loblolly pine cor...Fig. 6–6. Black locust trees planted into grass–clover pasture to fix N2, pr...Fig. 6–7. Recently pruned southern pine silvopasture planted in rows. Fig. 6–8. Cows grazing in an apple orchard in New England. Fig. 6–9. Five‐year‐old Douglas‐fir–subterranean clover–sheep silvopasture i...

6 Chapter 7Fig. 7–1. Historical trend of peer‐reviewed publications on temperate alley ...Fig. 7–2. Photos of alley cropping with various trees and crop species: (a,b...Fig. 7–3. Frequency of genera utilized in the tree component (left panel) an...Fig. 7–4. Results from a literature survey of alley crop relative yields in ...Fig. 7–5. A black walnut site prepared for conversion from row crops to a ha...Fig. 7–6. Chemical weed control along rows of 8‐yr‐old black walnut....Fig. 7–7 A well‐managed stand of black walnut alley cropped with a mixture o...Fig. 7–8. A medium‐ to low‐quality upland black walnut site managed primaril...Fig. 7–9. A map of four midwestern states (Missouri, Illinois, Indiana, and ...

7 Chapter 8Fig. 8–1. Watershed and sub‐watersheds of a fourth‐order stream. The watersh...Fig. 8–2. Hillslope processes that transfer materials from upland and ripari...Fig. 8–3. Upper diagram shows floodplain and channel dimensional features. A...Fig. 8–4. The channel evolution model demonstrates the cycle of events that ...Fig. 8–5. The geomorphic zones of a fluvial system. In the production zone, ...Fig. 8–6. The river continuum concept depicts the relationship between the g...Fig. 8–7. The hydrologic cycle showing the paths of water movement through a...Fig. 8–8. Fate and temporal scale of precipitation in undisturbed watersheds...Fig. 8–9. The variable source area that contributes stormflow and base flow ...Fig. 8–10. Hydrogeologic connections as they influence water movement throug...Fig. 8–11. Phosphorus movement through a riparian forest buffer. Riparian fo...Fig. 8–12. Nitrogen movement through a riparian forest buffer. Riparian fore...Fig. 8–13. The median and interquartile ranges of NO3–N (N = 58–97) and tota...Fig. 8–14. Daily precipitation (PPT) and volumetric soil water content (VWC)...Fig. 8–15. Daily precipitation and volumetric soil water content (VWC) at 5‐...Fig. 8–16. A corn and soybean field on land that was once covered by native ...Fig. 8–17. Farming through the riparian zone to the edge of the stream modif...Fig. 8–18. A field drainage tile passes below the riparian buffer and carrie...Fig. 8–19. A stream channel that once meandered has been straightened, reduc...Fig. 8–20. Annual differences in water movement in a non‐tiled annual row‐cr...Fig. 8–21. Cattle grazing in riparian zones damage stream banks and add poll...Fig. 8–22. Alterations in stream discharge and morphology brought about by a...Fig. 8–23. A riparian forest buffer model. In Zone 1, tree removal is genera...Fig. 8–24. A riparian management system model. This model consists of four p...Fig. 8–25. The multispecies riparian forest buffer model. This buffer consis...Fig. 8–26. Riparian buffer widths by various functions. The function requiri...Fig. 8–27. Buffer design modification to accommodate subsurface drainage til...Fig. 8–28. A before‐and‐after sequence showing the results of riparian buffe...Fig. 8–29. Willow posts and stakes for bank stabilization. Posts range in si...Fig. 8–30. A 5‐m‐wide stream bank “blowout” that occurred within the first y...Fig. 8–31. Manual installation of small willow posts and stakes. Notice that...Fig. 8–32. Growth of the willow posts and stakes after 4 yr. The bank is now...Fig. 8–33. A willow post porous dam placed in a gully. Willow posts are poun...Fig. 8–34. A joint planting where willow posts are used in conjunction with ...Fig. 8–35. A live fascine used to anchor the bottom of geotextile. Grass is ...Fig. 8–36. A brush mattress installation. The base of the stems are buried i...Fig. 8–37. A combination of live and dead materials used in the stream bank ...Fig. 8–38. Backhoe sloping a 4.5‐m vertical stream bank to a 2:1 slope as pa...Fig. 8–39. Eastern redcedar being cabled to posts to protect the toe of the ...Fig. 8–40. Coconut fiber geotextile being installed up and down the slope, w...Fig. 8–41. Willow planting after installation of the redcedar revetment, the...Fig. 8–42. An installation similar to the one in Figures 8–35 through 8–39 b...Fig. 8–43. Bioengineering system shown in Figure 8–39 2 mo after installatio...Fig. 8–44. A 1‐yr‐old constructed wetland showing the outflow structure....

8 Chapter 9Fig. 9–1. Forest farming can be intensive on small plots with multiple speci...Fig. 9–2. Maple syrup production, now a sophisticated forest farming practic...Fig. 9–3. Black cohosh is valued as a medicinal forest product and in some c...Fig. 9–4. Wild‐simulated American ginseng (left) and goldenseal (right) take...Fig. 9–5. Woods‐cultivated forest farming entails building raised beds, clea...Fig. 9–6. Forest farming ramps, an edible forest product, can be a productiv...Fig. 9–7. Shiitake mushroom growing on logs stacked in the teepee formation...Fig. 9–8. American ginseng has been forest farmed in the United States since...

9 Chapter 10Fig. 10–1. A simplified cross‐sectional schematic depicting vertical stackin...Fig. 10–2 The eco‐social intersection of multifaceted urban and community ag...Fig. 10–3. Image of a small urban and community agroforestry project in Por...Fig. 10–4. Foodways are interconnected agroforestry projects in a town or ci...Fig. 10–5. Images indicating the balance of scope and scale of urban and com...Fig. 10–6. Transformation of properties in the Dunbar/Spring neighborhood in...Fig. 10–7. Productive and diverse species stacked in open spaces such as tra...Fig. 10–8. Interpretive signs conveying the multifunctional nature of the fo...Fig. 10–9. Artwork complements agroforestry infrastructure in the Dunbar/Spr...Fig. 10–10. The Bronx River foodway is a 37‐km‐long investment in productive...Fig. 10–11. First segment of the Bronx River foodway. The 0.8‐ha installatio...Fig. 10–12. Aerial image of early agroforestry establishment along the Bronx...Fig. 10–13. A very small, young, urban and community agroforestry planting j...Fig. 10–14. Simple seating and an interpretive sign along a footpath that gu...

10 Chapter 11Fig. 11–1. Concentration contour maps of NH3 sampled on 7/26/2010 (A) and co...Fig. 11–2. Concentration contour maps of H2S (A) and contour maps of concent...Fig. 11–3. Twelve‐hour AERMOD model simulation showing 2D spatial dispersion...Fig. 11–4. Twelve‐hour AERMOD model simulation showing 3D dispersion of NH3 ...Fig. 11–5. Average NH3 concentrations measured 100 m downwind of a CAFO faci...Fig. 11–6. Concentrations of (A) 3‐methylindole, (B) Indole and (C) p‐cresol...

11 Chapter 12Fig. 12–1. Carbon sequestration potential for various management systems in ...Fig. 12–2. Above‐ and belowground biomass C in a riparian zone with trees, g...Fig. 12–3. Soil organic matter percentage decreased with increasing distance...Fig. 12–4. Macroporosity (>1000‐μm diameter) and coarse mesoporosity (60–100...Fig. 12–5. Air‐filled pores (black) in a 2500‐mm2 area of agroforestry buffe...Fig. 12–6. Daily precipitation (PPT) and volumetric soil water content (VWC)...Fig. 12–7. Soil microbial biomass shown as total soil phospholipid fatty aci...Fig. 12–8. Soil glucosidase activity in kura clover alleys, pecan tree row, ...Fig. 12–9. Linear relationship of subsoil nitrate reduction by catch crops a...

12 Chapter 13Fig. 13–1. (A) Damage from deer rubbing antlers on tree; (B) evidence of dee...Fig. 13–2. Relationships among available species for lease hunting showing h...Fig. 13–3. Suggested designs of shelterbelts for wildlife use from Iowa Stat...Fig. 13–4. Total acreage of land enrolled by state in the Environmental Qual...Fig. 13–5. Cumulative enrollment in agroforestry and wildlife related practi...Fig. 13–6. Contrasting types of agroforestry plantings for the benefit of wi...

13 Chapter 14Fig. 14–1. Six landscape‐level functions of agroforestry provided within the...Fig. 14–2. Multifunctional landscape framework for increasing landscape perf...Fig. 14–3. For a culture‐based food supply, contributions from land and peop...Fig. 14–4. The basic suitability assessment process begins with a question t...Fig. 14–5. An example of individual landscape assessments that identify suit...Fig. 14–6. Process for evaluating the Upper Sangamon River Watershed (USRW) ...Fig. 14–7. Suitability of agricultural land in the Upper Sangamon River Wate...Fig. 14–8. Example scenario developed for a landowner depicting a multifunct...

14 Chapter 15Fig. 15–1. The marketing planning process Fig. 15–2. A Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats (SWOT) analysis o...Fig. 15–3. The Porter Five Forces Model Fig. 15–4. Generic competitive strategies Fig. 15–5. Structure of a marketing plan Fig. 15–6. The influence of the Porter’s Five Forces Model on the U.S. shiit...

15 Chapter 16Fig. 16–1 Future value of a US$2,000 deposit accumulated at a 4% annual inte...Fig. 16–2. Effect of internalizing environmental services associated with si...Fig. 16–3. Optimal silvopasture adoption with zero transaction costs; MB, ma...

16 Chapter 17Fig.17–1. Landowner capital, livelihood strategies, and the practice of agro...

17 Chapter 18Fig. 18–1. A home garden in the highlands of Chiapas, Mexico. Fig. 18–2. A home garden showing extensive tree species. Fig. 18–3. Milpa field stage in Motozintla, Chiapas, Mexico. Fig. 18–4. Milpa with trees. The farmers no longer utilize fire in this milp...Fig. 18–5. Nu kux che, or advanced secondary forest stage of Lacandon Maya m...Fig. 18–6. Edible understory species intercropped in coffee agroforest. Fig. 18–7. Chol cocoa system in southern Mexico. Fig. 18–8. A silvopastoral system in southern Mexico. Fig. 18–9. A silvopastoral system in San Juan Chamula, Chiapas, Mexico.