Читать книгу North American Agroforestry - Группа авторов - Страница 42

As is the case elsewhere throughout the world, agroforestry in the United States and Canada also has historic roots. Native Americans across what is now the United States and Canada have been practicing indigenous forms of what could be termed landscape‐scale agroforestry for millennia (Rossier and Lake, 2014; Nelson, 2014; Anderson and Rosenthal, 2015). Some of these indigenous communities managed – and continue to manage – integrated systems of trees, plants, animals, and fungi in complex ways at multiple organizational scales (MacFarland et al., 2017).

Because indigenous peoples were forcibly removed from their aboriginal landscapes and/or their ability to manage, the long‐standing indigenous agroforestry traditions of many Native peoples across the United States are unknown. United States fire suppression policies stopped Native American people from burning their agroforest landscapes in the complex and integrated ways they had developed over millennia to provide needed foods, fibers, fuels, and other resources as well as to manage the complex food and interaction webs inherent to the agroforest ecosystems with which they evolved (Norgaard, 2014; Anderson and Rosenthal, 2015).

Native Americans throughout much of California actively managed trees, understory plants, forages, and animal populations in such an integrated complex way that when John Muir arrived to Yosemite Valley and many other parts of California, he remarked upon their pristine, wild, garden‐like quality, and stunning beauty. However, because they did not look like European agricultural systems, Muir did not fully understand the degree to which they had been managed by Native peoples (Anderson and Rosenthal, 2015). The Karuk Tribe in the Klamath Mountains of Northern California historically used fire, pruning, coppicing, and many other techniques to manage hundreds of plants, animals, and fungi in an integrated indigenous agroforestry system (Taylor and Skinner, 2003). This system includes tanoak and black oak acorn trees, tanoak mushrooms, elk, deer, evergreen huckleberries, blackcap raspberries, gooseberries, currants, hazel, willow, Indian potatoes, manzanita and madrone trees and their berries, elderberries, alder, yew, Douglas‐fir, and so much more (Vinyeta et al., 2016).