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Now, we calculate the average distance between two nodes by the mean square root formula of the nodes with the help of coordinates of x and y. We calculate distance in upward, downward, leftward, and rightward direction by the average distance formula. To calculate the nodes in downward direction, select all the nodes down the current node and find out coordinates of node(x) and node(y) and find the down node index. Similarly, we will find out the upward by considering all the nodes up node from the current node, left node and right node index.

Figure 6.18 Ideal placement of nodes.

Figure 6.19 Sensor nodes with faulty points.