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If the person giving the injection is having trouble managing the animal's direction by using their body position and hip, they can have a helper use the bracelet technique or the handler helper to assist with this by steering the animal into the forward escape route (Figures 2.34 and 2.35) It is especially important to impress upon the helper that his or her job is only to steer and NOT to attempt to slow the animal down or hold it still. If your helper puts pressure on the handler helper or attempts to hold or stop the animal, the animal will begin to fight and move erratically, often rearing, making the process of injecting much more difficult, resulting in the need for restraint.

For subcutaneous injections, use the fiber to tent the skin and inject into the subcutaneous space as the animal takes a few steps. It is not necessary to visualize the tent; it can be felt. Push the needle under the skin, being careful not to insert the needle completely through the skin tent and depress the plunger. In the case of a shorn animal, it is easy to pick up a big fold of skin and the skin tent can be easily visualized. For IM injection, the large triceps muscle just dorsal to the elbow can be palpated on the opposite side of the animal, and the needle can be directed into this large muscle mass.

Figure 2.30 Photo illustrating working in a packed pen. One handler is balancing and/or steering the animal using the bracelet, second hander administers a subQ injection. The animal is never restrained but can move.

Figure 2.31 The handler is giving an injection solo without restraint using a panel and a knee to keep the animal contained but not restrained.

For IM injections, lean over the animal and use the triceps muscle (Figure 2.36). In the case of an IM shot, the needle goes straight into the muscle and there is no need to tent the skin. The motion should be smooth and quick; there is no need to tap on the skin or use an abrupt movement. If the animal walks, simply walk with it, and the person should use their body position and hip to keep the animal tracking around the pen as you maintain your position behind the line of site.

Giving injections on the opposite side of the animal is critical to the success of this technique. The animal will naturally move away from the needle. By using this technique, the animal will move toward the person giving the injection while moving away from the needle. This makes it easy to stay with the animal and keep the needle under the skin as the injection is administered. For a right‐handed person, an approach from the animal's left, with the injection given on the right is preferred by the author, but this technique can be used from either side. Box 2.3 lists tips for giving intramuscular and subcutaneous injections.