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When a patient presents with one or more clinical problems, there are various methods we can use to solve the case and formulate a list of differential diagnoses. One method involves pattern recognition – looking at the pattern of clinical signs and trying to match that pattern to known diagnoses. This is also referred to as developing an illness script. Another method can involve relying on blood tests to tell us what is wrong with the patient – also referred to as the minimum database. Or we can use problem‐based clinical reasoning. Often, we may use all three methods.

Let’s consider three cases. Each of these will trigger thoughts and ideas about possible diagnoses depending on your knowledge and experience.