Читать книгу Plastic and Microplastic in the Environment - Группа авторов - Страница 29
1.5.2 Microplastic in Rivers
ОглавлениеThe number of MP studies in rivers is mainly in North America and European countries. MPs have been found in rivers in most European countries. MPs were reported in the Tamar River of UK (Sadri and Thompson 2014); in Ofanto River of Italy; in the Rhine River traversing Germany, Netherlands, and Switzerland (Mani et al. 2015); in Swiss rivers (Faure et al. 2015); and in the Seine and Marne rivers of France (Dris et al. 2015). In North America, MPs studies have been conducted in rivers of the United States, such as the Los Angeles basin watershed (Moore et al. 2011), the North Shore Channel in Chicago (McCormick et al. 2014), and the Detroit and Niagara Rivers (Cable et al. 2017), as well as the St. Lawrence River of Canada, (Crew et al. 2020). In Asia, most studies are carried out in the East region of the continent. MPs were found in many river systems of China such as Yangtze and Pearl (Yan et al. 2019; Zhang et al. 2015), and the Tamsui River of Taiwan (Wong et al. 2020). Similar to results from lake studies, the abundance of MPs found in river systems of China was much higher than in other areas. At the Yangtze River, the mean number of MPs was reported at 8.5 × 106 items/km2. Another study at Pearl River found 19860 items/m3. In river studies, the abundance of MPs is reported in different units. Some studies presented the number of MPs per filtered volume of water (items/m3), while others presented it per area of water surface (items/km2). Thus, the comparison between studies is difficult.
Table 1.1 Summary of selected studies on MP contamination in natural freshwater systems.
| Types | Study location | Sampling method | Sample process and analysis | Study finding | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Lake water | Taihu Lake, China | Plankton net: 333 μm | H2O2 (30%); Visual, subset by micro‐FIR or SEM/EDS | Max: 6.8 × 106 items/km2 Min: 0.1 × 106 items/km2 | Su et al. (2016) |
| Lake Hovsgol, Mongolia | Manta trawl: 333 μm | Density separation (saltwater, 1.6 g/cm3), wet peroxide oxidation; Stereomicroscope (visual), subsample with DSC. | Max: 44 400 items/km2 Mean: 20 264 items/km2 | Free et al. (2014) | |
| Lake Winnipeg, Canada | Manta trawl: 333 μm | Subsample, wet peroxide oxidation; Visual, subsample with SEM/EDX | Max: 748 000 items/km2 Mean: 193000 items/km2 | Anderson et al. (2017) | |
| Great Lakes,USA | Manta trawl: 333 μm | Sieved, hydrochloric acid; Subsamples SEM/EDX | Max: 466 000 items/km2 Mean: 43 000 items/km2 | Eriksen et al. (2013) | |
| Lake Bolsena, Italy | Manta trawl: 300 μm | Sieved, density separation (NaCl, 1.2 g/cm3), HCl digestion, NR staining. Fluorescence microscopy, SEM. | Max: 4.42 particles/m3 Min: 0.82 particles/m3 | (Fischer et al. 2016) | |
| Lake Geneva, Switzerland | Manta trawl: 333 μm | Sieved, wet peroxide oxidation; Stereomicroscope (visual), subsample with ATR‐FTIR | Mean: 220 000 items/km2 | Faure et al. (2015) | |
| River water | Tamar River, UK | Manta trawl: 300 μm | Sieved; ATR‐FTIR and micro‐ FTIR | Max: 204 pieces of suspected plastic Mean: 0.028 items/m3 | Sadri and Thompson (2014) |
| Ofanto River, Italy | Manta trawl: 333 μm | Sieved, H2O2 (30%); density separation (salt water, 1.2 g/cm3), Stereomicroscope (visual), Py–GC/MS | Min: 0.9 items/m3 Max: 13 items/m3 | Campanale et al. (2020) | |
| Rhine river, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland | Manta trawl: 300 μm | Enzymatic digestion, density separation (saltwater, 1.2 g/cm3); Stereomicroscope (visual), ATR‐FTIR. | Max: 8.9 × 106 items/km2 Mean: 3.9 × 106 items/km2 | Mani et al. (2015) | |
| St. Lawrence River, Canada | Grab samples | H2O2 (30%); density separation, NR staining; Fluorescent microscope | Mean: 0.12 items/L (upstream) Mean: 0.16 items/L (downstream) | Crew et al. (2020) | |
| Los Angeles River, USA | Manta trawl: 333 μm | Sieved. Stereomicroscope (visual) | 9 items/m3 | Moore et al. (2011) | |
| Pearl River, China | Grab samples | H2O2 (30%); Stereomicroscope (visual), Raman spectroscopy | Mean: 19860 items/m3 | Yan et al. (2019) | |
| Yangtze River, China | Manta trawl: 112 μm | Sieved, visually screen, density separation; Stereomicroscope (visual), ATR‐FTIR | Max: 13.6 × 106 items/km2 Mean: 8.5 × 106 items/km2 | Zhang et al. (2015) | |
| Tamsui River, Taiwan | Manta trawl: 300 μm | Sieved, H2O2 (30%); ATR‐FTIR | Min: 10.1 items/m3 Max: 70.5 items/m3 | Wong et al. (2020) |
