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The studies of Stiles et al. (2018) commenced with Haines et al.'s (1986) study in 1984 and used a questionnaire developed for that study. All survey participants were undergraduate students at Midwestern State University in Texas. Students in these studies answered the three questions listed below (1–3) using a response scale to indicate their frequency of ever cheating:

1 Have you ever cheated on a major exam?

2 Have you ever cheated on a daily or weekly quiz?

3 Have you ever cheated on a class assignment (i.e. term paper, lab assignment, homework assignment, etc.)?

A fourth item, “Have you ever helped someone else cheat?” was added in the 2014 survey. Cheating was measured on a 0 to 4 scale from low to high cheating, where 0 was “no,” and 1 or higher was coded as “yes”. Students who had ever engaged in any of the cheating behaviors listed above were counted as having cheated in order to estimate the total prevalence of cheating in each survey.