Читать книгу Ridley's The Vulva - Группа авторов - Страница 37

Virilisation of the external genitalia of female infants has been frequently observed following maternal ingestion of testosterone or synthetic progestational agents during the first trimester of pregnancy [35]. Administration of such agents between the 8th and 12th weeks of gestation causes marked virilisation, but later in pregnancy they cause clitoral enlargement. These agents, as well as stilboestrol, were often prescribed in the past for women with recurrent miscarriage. Exposure to stilboestrol during intrauterine life is known to cause malformations in the reproductive tracts of both sexes, 46,XX DSD, and an increased incidence of cervical and vaginal neoplasia [36].

Intrauterine exposure to danazol, used in the treatment of endometriosis, has also been associated with virilisation of the female foetus, and in one study of 94 completed pregnancies in women taking danazol, 23 of the female offspring had genital abnormalities including clitoromegaly and fused labia [37].

Maternal cocaine use during pregnancy has been linked with ambiguous genitalia in both male and female infants, as well as other congenital malformations [38].