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Small Animal Surgical Emergencies
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Страница 1
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Страница 7
Страница 8
Страница 9
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Daisy’s Story
1 Triage and Initial Stabilization of the Emergency Small Animal Surgical Patient
Introduction
Triage and Initial Assessment
Respiratory Assessment
Hypoxemic Shock
Box 1.1
Formula Used for A–a Gradient Calculation
Example Blood Gas
Cardiovascular Assessment
Hypovolemic Shock and Fluid Therapy
Cardiogenic Shock
Distributive/Septic Shock
Metabolic Shock
Dehydration
Box 1.2
Fluid Therapy Prescription Formula
Example Fluid Prescription Calculation
Neurologic Assessment
Urinary Assessment
Vascular Access
Analgesia, Sedation and Anxiolytics
2 Operating Room Nursing Tips for Emergency Surgical Procedures
Gastrointestinal System
Esophageal Surgery
Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies
Rectal Prolapse
Hemoabdomen
Box 2.1
Routine Soft Tissue Instrument Set
Box 2.2
Instruments for Gastrointestinal Surgery
Biliary Emergencies
Liver Lobectomy
Box 2.3
Instruments for Biliary Surgery
Urinary System Ureteral Surgery
Urethral Surgery Perineal Urethrostomy in Cats: Patient Positioning
Box 2.4
Instrumentation for Hepatic Surgery
Box 2.5
Instrumentation for Ureteral Surgery
Retrograde Hydropulsion in Dogs
Urethrostomy and Urethrotomy in Dogs: Patient Positioning
Contrast Studies
Respiratory System Temporary Tracheostomy
Brachycephalic Upper Airway Surgery: Patient Positioning
Arytenoid Lateralization (Laryngeal Tie‐Back Procedure): Patient Positioning
Lateral Thoracotomy for the Treatment of Pleural Space Disease
Sternotomy for the Treatment of Pleural Space Disease
Cardiovascular System Pacemaker Placement
Box 2.6
Instrumentation for Perineal Urethrostomy
Box 2.7
Instruments for Retrograde Hydropulsion
Box 2.8
Instruments for Urethrostomy and Urethrotomy in Dogs
Pericardiocentesis for Pericardial Effusion
Box 2.9
Instruments for Contrast Studies
Box 2.10
Instruments for Temporary Tracheostomy Tube Placement
Box 2.11
Instrumentation Recommended for Arytenoid Cartilage Lateralization
Box 2.12
Instruments for a Lateral Thoracotomy
Pericardiectomy
Box 2.13
Instrumentation to Perform a Sternotomy
Box 2.14
Instruments for Pericardiocentesis
Reproductive System Cesarean Section
Box 2.15
Instruments Recommended for a Pericardiectomy
Neonatal Care
Box 2.16
Instruments and Supplies for Cesarean Section
Pyometra
Penile Emergencies
Prostatic Abscessation
Vaginal Prolapse
Box 2.17
Neonatal Supply Box
Box 2.18
Instruments for Pyometra Surgery
Wound Management
Box 2.19
Instruments and Supplies for Penile Surgery
Box 2.20
Instruments and Supplies for Prostatic Surgery
Box 2.21
Instruments and Supplies for Vaginal Prolapse
Ocular Emergencies Standard Surgical Preparation Protocol
Surgical Supplies
Box 2.22
Instruments and Supplies for Initial Wound Management
Box 2.23
Preoperative Periocular Surgical Preparation
Box 2.24
Final Sterile Periocular Surgical Preparation
Box 2.25
Intraocular Instrument Set
Box 2.26 Extraocular Instrument Set
Box 2.27
Enucleation Instrument Set
Box 2.28
Eye Utility Instrument Set
Instrument Sterilization
Intraocular Surgery
Box 2.29
Instrumentation and Supplies for Intraocular Surgery
Extraocular Surgery
Box 2.30
Instruments and Supplies for Temporary Tarsorrhaphy
Box 2.31 Instruments and Supplies for Eyelid Laceration Repair
Box 2.32
Instruments and Supplies for Nictitating Membrane Laceration
Enucleation
Oral Emergencies Nursing Responsibilities
Box 2.33
Instruments and Supplies for Enucleation Procedure
Safety Requirements Surgical Environment
Personal Protective Equipment
Standard Oral Surgical Preparation Protocol
Patient Positioning
Surgical Supplies
Instrument Sterilization
Box 2.34
Large Dental Surgery Set
Box 2.35 Periodontal Extraction Cassette
Box 2.36 Orthodontic Supplies
Box 2.37
Instruments and Supplies for Pulpectomy
Box 2.38
Supplies for Specific Oral Surgical Emergencies
Specific Oral Surgical Emergencies
Orthopedic Emergencies Joint Irrigation and Drainage with Hypodermic Needles
Arthroscopy
Box 2.39
Instruments and Supplies for Joint Irrigation
Arthrotomy
Open Fracture
Box 2.40
Arthroscopy Tower Set‐Up
Box 2.41
Instruments and Supplies for Arthroscopy
Box 2.42
Instruments and Supplies for Arthrotomy
Box 2.43
Supplies for a Robert Jones Bandage
Standard Surgical Preparation Protocol
Bone Plates and Screws
Box 2.44
Types of Plates
Box 2.45
Instruments and Supplies for Fracture Repair
Box 2.46
String of Pearls Instruments and Supplies
Box 2.47
Instruments and Supplies to Insert an Interlocking Nail
Box 2.48
Instruments and Supplies for the SK External Skeletal Fixation System
Страница 130
3 Emergency Stabilization of the Acute Abdomen Patient
Introduction
Pathophysiology of Acute Abdomen
Differential Diagnoses
Primary Assessment
Systematic Approach to Initial Stabilization: Cardiovascular System
Resuscitation and Management of Cardiovascular Abnormalities
Monitoring Response to Treatment
Systematic Approach to Initial Stabilization: Respiratory System
Systematic Approach to Initial Stabilization: Central Nervous System
Abdominal Examination
Minimum Database Interpretation and Management
Peritoneal Fluid Analysis and Indications for Emergency Laparotomy
Diagnostic Imaging for the Acute Abdomen
Conclusion
4 Esophageal Foreign Bodies
Introduction
Anatomy
Pathophysiology of Esophageal Injury (
Figure 4.3
)
Presentation
Emergency Stabilization
Diagnostics Radiography
Computed Tomography
Endoscopy
Non‐surgical Treatment Esophageal Forceps
Endoscopic Technique
Fluoroscopic Technique [9]
Rigid Endoscope Technique
Advancement into the Stomach
Surgical Treatment
Cervical Esophagotomy
Transthoracic Esophagotomy
Case Report 4.1
Postoperative Care
Complications
Prognosis for Esophageal Bone Foreign Bodies
Fishhooks and Needles
Fishhooks
Needles
Esophageal Stick Injuries
5 Gastrointestinal Foreign Bodies
Introduction
Classification of Foreign Bodies
Pathophysiology
Signalment, History, and Physical Examination
Laboratory Findings
Imaging Radiographs
Ultrasound
Computed Tomography
Surgical Techniques
Stomach
Small Intestine Anatomy
Discrete Foreign Body
Linear Foreign Body
Postoperative Care
Long‐Term Postoperative Complications
Prognosis
6 Intussusception
Introduction
Clinical Presentation
Diagnosis
Initial Stabilization
Surgical Management
Postoperative Care and Complications
Prognosis
7 Rectal Prolapse
Etiology
Clinical Evaluation
Treatment
Box 7.1
Conditions Associated with Rectal Prolapse in Small Animals
Reduction of Prolapse
Surgical Intervention
8 Gastric Dilatation and Volvulus
Introduction
Pathogenesis
Risk Factors
Pathophysiology
Local Effects
Systemic Effects
Clinical Presentation
Stabilization and Diagnostic Evaluation
Operative Techniques
Goals of Surgery
Repositioning of the Stomach
Assessment of Gastric Viability
Gastric Necrosis
Gastric Resection
Open Resection
Stapled Resection
Gastric Invagination
Splenectomy
Gastropexy
Gastropexy Techniques
Incisional Gastropexy
Belt‐Loop Gastropexy
Tube Gastropexy
Circumcostal Gastropexy
Other Techniques
Postoperative Care
Complications
Postoperative Arrhythmias
Gastric Necrosis, Ulceration or Dehiscence
Recurrent Gastric Dilatation
Ileus
Acute Kidney Injury
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Outcome and Prognosis
9 Intestinal Volvulus
Definition and Pathophysiology
Presentation
Diagnostics
Case Report 9.1
Treatment Preoperative Treatment
Surgical Treatment
Postoperative Treatment
Complications and their Management
Ischemic Necrosis
Reperfusion Injury
Short Bowel Syndrome
Prognosis
Страница 251
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