Читать книгу Industry 4.0 Vision for the Supply of Energy and Materials - Группа авторов - Страница 47

LTE is introduced in 3GPP Release 8 [144]. The foundation of the LTE network is an IP network architecture used for mobile, fixed, and portable broadband access. The all-IP architecture of LTE enables new converging services based on the IP multimedia core subsystem. To achieve high data rates, LTE utilizes a combination of orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA), multiple-input, multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems, scalable bandwidth, higher order modulation schemes, and spatial multiplexing in the downlink. LTE works in two modes: time division duplex (TDD) and frequency division duplex (FDD). In 3GPP Release 10, LTE Advanced was introduced as a more advanced version of LTE [145].

LTE enhancements have been included in subsequent releases of LTE standard for different LTE-based devices (i.e., Cat-M, Cat-0) to meet the requirements of M2M/IoT devices [146]. The new versions are called LTE-eMTC, or LTE-M by 3GPP, and promise new generation of devices with lower cost, ubiquitous coverage, and ultra-low battery life.