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Poly(lactic acid)
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Страница 1
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Страница 7
POLY(LACTIC ACID) Synthesis, Structures, Properties, Processing, Applications, and End of Life
Страница 9
Страница 10
LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS
Страница 12
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES
Страница 14
1 PRODUCTION AND PURIFICATION OF LACTIC ACID AND LACTIDE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
1.2 LACTIC ACID 1.2.1 History of Lactic Acid
1.2.2 Physical Properties of Lactic Acid
1.2.3 Chemistry of Lactic Acid
1.2.4 Production of Lactic Acid by Fermentation
1.2.4.1 The Microbes
1.2.4.2 Stereochemical Purity
1.2.4.3 Nutrients
1.2.4.4 Neutralization
1.2.4.5 Carbohydrates for Lactic Acid Production
1.2.4.6 Starch
1.2.4.7 Lignocellulose
1.2.4.8 Batch versus Continuous Fermentation
1.2.5 Downstream Processing/Purificationof Lactic Acid
1.2.5.1 Purification Methods for Lactic Acid
1.2.5.2 Gypsum‐Free Lactic Acid Production
1.2.5.3 Modern Industrial Methods
1.2.6 Quality/Specifications of Lactic Acid
1.3 LACTIDE 1.3.1 Physical Properties of Lactide
1.3.2 Production of Lactide
1.3.2.1 Prepolymerization
1.3.2.2 Lactide Synthesis During Prepolymerization
1.3.2.3 Basic Research on Batch Lactide Synthesis and the Catalysts Used
1.3.2.4 Continuous Synthesis
1.3.3 Purification of Lactide
1.3.4 Quality and Specifications of Polymer‐Grade Lactide
1.3.4.1 Role of the Catalyst and Initiator in Lactide Polymerization
1.3.4.2 Alcohols
1.3.4.3 Carboxylic Acids
1.3.4.4 Metals
1.3.4.5 Stereochemical Purity
1.3.5 Concluding Remarks on Polymer‐Grade Lactide
REFERENCES
2 AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS OF LACTIC ACID
2.1 INTRODUCTION
2.2 STRUCTURE OF LACTIC ACID
2.3 VAPOR PRESSURE OF ANHYDROUS LACTIC ACID AND LACTIDE
2.4 OLIGOMERIZATION IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
2.5 EQUILIBRIUM DISTRIBUTION OF OLIGOMERS
2.6 VAPOR–LIQUID EQUILIBRIUM
2.7 DENSITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
2.8 VISCOSITY OF AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS
2.9 SUMMARY
REFERENCES
3 INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTION OF HIGH‐MOLECULAR‐WEIGHT POLY(LACTIC ACID)
3.1 INTRODUCTION
3.2 LACTIC‐ACID‐BASED POLYMERS BY POLYCONDENSATION
3.2.1 Direct Condensation
3.2.2 Solid‐State Polycondensation
3.2.3 Azeotropic Dehydration
3.3 LACTIC ACID‐BASED POLYMERS BY CHAIN EXTENSION 3.3.1 Chain Extension with Diisocyanates
3.3.1.1 Chain‐Extension Reaction Parameters
3.3.1.2 Properties of Poly(Ester‐Urethane)s
3.3.2 Chain Extension with Bis‐2‐Oxazoline
3.3.2.1 Chain‐Extension Reaction Parameters
3.3.2.2 Properties of Poly(Ester‐Amide)s
3.3.3 Dual Linking Processes
3.3.4 Chain Extension with Bis‐Epoxies
3.4 LACTIC‐ACID‐BASED POLYMERS BY RING‐OPENING POLYMERIZATION
3.4.1 Polycondensation Processes
3.4.2 Lactide Manufacturing
3.4.2.1 Solvent‐Assisted Purification
3.4.2.2 Melt Crystallization
3.4.2.3 Separation in the Gas Phase
3.4.2.4 Separation by Cooling
3.4.3 Ring‐Opening Polymerization
3.4.3.1 Reactor Design
3.4.3.2 Catalyst Systems
3.4.3.3 Post‐Polymerization Treatments
REFERENCES
4 DESIGN AND SYNTHESIS OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF POLY(LACTIC ACID)/POLYLACTIDE COPOLYMERS
4.1 INTRODUCTION
4.2 COMONOMERS WITH LACTIC ACID/LACTIDE 4.2.1 Glycolic Acid/Glycolide
4.2.2 Poly(Alkylene Glycol)
4.2.3 δ‐Valerolactone and β‐Butyrolactone
4.2.4 ε‐Caprolactone
4.2.5 1,5‐Dioxepan‐2‐One
4.2.6 Trimethylene Carbonate
4.2.7 Poly(
N
‐Isopropylacrylamide)
4.2.8 Alkylthiophene (P3AT)
4.2.9 Polypeptide
4.3 FUNCTIONALIZED PLA
4.4 MACROMOLECULAR DESIGN OF LACTIDE‐BASED COPOLYMERS
4.4.1 Graft Copolymers
4.4.2 Star‐Shaped Copolymers
4.4.3 Periodic Copolymers
4.5 PROPERTIES OF LACTIDE‐BASED COPOLYMERS
4.6 DEGRADATION OF LACTIDE HOMO‐ AND COPOLYMERS
4.6.1 Drug Delivery from Lactide‐Based Copolymers
4.6.2 Radiation Effects
REFERENCES
5 PREPARATION, STRUCTURE, AND PROPERTIES OF STEREOCOMPLEX‐TYPE POLY(LACTIC ACID)
5.1 INTRODUCTION
5.2 STEREOCOMPLEXATION IN POLY(LACTIC ACID)
5.3 CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF sc‐PLA
5.4 FORMATION OF STEREOBLOCK PLA
5.4.1 Single‐Step Process
5.4.2 Stepwise ROP
5.4.3 Chain Coupling Method
5.4.3.1 Chain Extension
5.4.3.2 Click Chemistry
5.4.3.3 Polycondensation
5.5 STEREOCOMPLEXATION IN COPOLYMERS
5.5.1 Stereocomplexation in Random and Alternating Lactic Acid or Lactide‐Based Polymers
5.5.2 sc‐PLA–PCL Copolymers
5.5.3 sc‐PLA–PEG Copolymers
5.6 STEREOCOMPLEX PLA‐BASED COMPOSITES
5.7 Advances in Stereocomplex‐PLA
5.8 CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
Страница 125
6 STRUCTURES AND PHASE TRANSITIONS OF PLA AND ITS RELATED POLYMERS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
6.2 STRUCTURAL STUDY OF PLA 6.2.1 Preparation of Crystal Modifications of PLA
6.2.2 Crystal Structure of the α Form
6.2.3 Crystal Structure of the δ Form
6.2.4 Crystal Structure of the β Form
6.2.5 Structure of the Mesophase
6.3 THERMALLY INDUCED PHASE TRANSITIONS
6.3.1 Phase Transition in Cold Crystallization
6.3.2 Phase Transition in the Melt Crystallization
6.3.3 Mechanically Induced Phase Transition
6.4 MICROSCOPICALLY‐VIEWED STRUCTURE‐MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF PLA
6.5 STRUCTURE AND FORMATION OF PLLA/PDLA STEREOCOMPLEX 6.5.1 Reconsideration of the Crystal Structure
6.5.2 Experimental Support of
P
3 Structure Model
6.5.3 Formation Mechanism of Stereocomplex
6.6 PHB AND OTHER BIODEGRADABLE POLYESTERS
6.6.1 Poly(3‐Hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)
6.6.1.1 Crystal Structure of α Form
6.6.1.2 Crystal Structure of β Form
6.6.1.3 Transition Mechanism to the β Form
6.6.2 Polyethylene Adipate (PEA)
6.7 FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
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