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1 IntroductionTABLE P.1 Significant Events Related to PLA Production that Occurred Over th...

2 Chapter 1TABLE 1.1 Physical Properties of Lactic Acid [14] TABLE 1.2 Summary of Lactic Acid Purification Methods TABLE 1.3 Physical Properties of the Lactides

3 Chapter 2TABLE 2.1 Physical Properties of Lactic Acid TABLE 2.2 Physical Properties of Lactide TABLE 2.3 Vapor Pressure of Anhydrous Lactic Acid TABLE 2.4 Liquid Phase Mole Fractions of Lactic Acid + Water VLE at 101.33 ...TABLE 2.5 Vapor Phase Mole Fractions of Lactic Acid + Water VLE at 101.33 k...

4 Chapter 3TABLE 3.1 Diisocyanates Used in the Preparation of Aliphatic Poly(ester‐ure...TABLE 3.2 Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Poly(ester‐urethane)s...

5 Chapter 5TABLE 5.1 Unit Cell Parameters Reported for the sc Crystals TABLE 5.2 Mechanical and Thermal Properties of the Representative Bio‐Based...TABLE 5.3 Thermal and Mechanical Properties Reported for the sc‐PLA‐Based C...

6 Chapter 7TABLE 7.1 Infrared Spectroscopy Data: Peak Band Assignments for Semicrystal...TABLE 7.2 Assignments for the FTIR Bands in the 1260–1000 cm−1 Region for P...

7 Chapter 8TABLE 8.1 Glass Transition Temperature (T g), Change of Specific Heat at T...TABLE 8.2 Effect of Cooling Rate on the Residual Molar Mass of Different Vi...TABLE 8.3 Glass Transition Temperature (T g) and Change of Specific Heat at...TABLE 8.4 Thermal Data of Selected PLA Commercial Polymers (Pellets), Selec...

8 Chapter 9TABLE 9.1 Nomenclature of Dilute Solution Viscometry TABLE 9.2 Flexible Linear Polymer Melt Chain Comparisons.

9 Chapter 10TABLE 10.1 Mechanical Properties of PLLA Specimens with Different Molecular...TABLE 10.2 Mechanical Properties of PDLLA Specimens with Different Molecula...TABLE 10.3 Influence of Temperature on PLA Flexural Properties [39] TABLE 10.4 Overview of Main End‐Use Characteristics of PLA Nanocomposites [...TABLE 10.5 Thermal and Mechanical Properties of PLA Plasticized with Differ...

10 Chapter 11TABLE 11.1 EP, ED, and ΔHS for Selected Gases at 0% RH, Except for ClO2 at 5...TABLE 11.2 Changes in Mass Transfer Parameters of Gases in PLA Film as Degr...TABLE 11.3 E P, E D, and ΔH S of O2 in PLA TABLE 11.4 A Summary of Changes in Mass Transfer Parameters of O2 in PLA at...TABLE 11.5 Changes in Mass Transfer Parameters of O2 in PLA Films as Degree...TABLE 11.6 E P, E D, and ΔH S of Water Vapor in PLA Films TABLE 11.7 Changes in Mass Transfer Parameters of Water Vapor in PLA Films ...TABLE 11.8 Factors Affecting Mass Transfer Properties of Organic Vapors in ...

11 Chapter 12TABLE 12.1 General Conditions to Determine Migration from Materials Intende...

12 Chapter 13TABLE 13.1 Primary Transition Temperatures of Selected PLA Copolymers [17]...TABLE 13.2 Drying Half‐Times for PLA Pellets Under −40°C Dew Point and Airf...TABLE 13.3 Mechanical Properties of 90/10 (L/D,L) PLA (Mw 145,000 Da) Under...TABLE 13.4 Recommended Drawing Conditions in the Machine and Transverse Dir...TABLE 13.5 Typical Melt Temperature Profile for PLA TABLE 13.6 Typical Quenching Conditions for PLA TABLE 13.7 Typical Conditions for Dry and Wet Spinning of Stereocomplex [11...TABLE 13.8 Electrospinning Process Conditions for PLA Polymers

13 Chapter 14TABLE 14.1 Summary of the Mechanical Properties of Nonbiodegradable Polymer...TABLE 14.2 Thermal Properties of PLLA/PIP‐g‐PVAc Blend [97] TABLE 14.3 Summary of the Mechanical Properties of Biodegradable Polymer an...TABLE 14.4 Oxygen and water vapor permeability coefficients of the films [2...TABLE 14.5 Summary of the Mechanical Properties of Some PLA and Starch Blen...TABLE 14.6 Sample Composition and Screw Speed for Production of PLA‐g‐MA [3...TABLE 14.7 Hansen Solubility Parameters of PLA and Popular Plasticizers [35...

14 Chapter 15TABLE 15.1 Characteristics of Some Commercially Available CFAs [20] TABLE 15.2 Pressure Dependence of CO2‐Induced Crystallization in PLLA at 25...TABLE 15.3 Morphological Properties of Unfoamed and Foamed PLA/Nanocomposit...TABLE 15.4 Molecular Weight and T g of Unfoamed PLA (l‐lactide >92 wt%, Na...TABLE 15.5 Effect of Epoxy‐functionalized and Food‐Grade‐Approved Chain Ext...TABLE 15.6 Effect of CO2 Content on the Physical Characteristics of Neat PL...TABLE 15.7 Effect of D‐Lactic Acid Content on the Crystallinity Developed i...TABLE 15.8 Effect of Processing Temperature Profile on the Pressure Drop Ra...TABLE 15.9 Morphological Characteristics of Linear PLA (PLA 2002D) and Bran...TABLE 15.10 Cell Morphology of Microcellular Injection Molded Neat PLA and ...TABLE 15.11 Cell Morphology and Compressive Strength of PLA Foamed with 2 w...TABLE 15.12 Influence of Density on the Impact Strength of Unfoamed and Mic...TABLE 15.13 Tensile Properties of Unfoamed and Batch Microcellular Foamed P...TABLE 15.14 Physicomechanical Properties of Low‐Density PLA Foams [105, 106...TABLE 15.15 Static Tensile and Dynamic Properties of Solid (S) and Microcel...

15 Chapter 16TABLE 16.1 Chemical Composition and Mechanical Properties of Different Plant...TABLE 16.2 Surface Modification of PLA‐Based Composites TABLE 16.3 Processing Techniques Employed for Fabrication of PLA Composites...TABLE 16.4 Mechanical Properties of PLA Composites

16 Chapter 17TABLE 17.1 Characteristics of Four Different Organoclays TABLE 17.2 Processing Techniques and Structures of PLA/CNT, PLA/Graphene Na...TABLE 17.3 Improvement (with Respect to Neat PLA) in Mechanical Properties ...TABLE 17.4 Improvement in Properties Achieved in PLA/Nanocomposites

17 Chapter 19TABLE 19.1 Bond Dissociation Energy of Some Chemical Bonds and the Correspo...TABLE 19.2 Absorption Wavelength and Absorption Coefficient for Some Chemic...

18 Chapter 20TABLE 20.1 List of Kinetic Parameters of Thermal Degradation Simulation Cur...

19 Chapter 21TABLE 21.1 Reported Articles on Hydrolytic Degradation of PLA‐Based Materia...TABLE 21.2 Material and Media‐Related Factors That Affect Degradation Behav...TABLE 21.3 Indexes (Methods) for Monitoring Degradation TABLE 21.4 Critical Thickness (L critical) of Biodegradable Polyesters, Ab...TABLE 21.5 Equilibrium Melting Temperature ( ) and “Folding Surface” Free E...TABLE 21.6 The Activation Energy of Hydrolytic Degradation (ΔE h) in the Me...

20 Chapter 23TABLE 23.1 Overview of PLA LCAs TABLE 23.2 Comparison of Normalized Environmental Impacts for Production vs...TABLE 23.3 PLA End‐of‐Life Waste Management. LCA Methodologies Considering ...TABLE 23.4 PLA End‐of‐Life Waste Management. LCA Methodologies Considering ...TABLE 23.5 Agricultural Management Strategies: Potential Life Cycle Impacts TABLE 23.6 Sample of Starch Resources

21 Chapter 24TABLE 24.1 Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Plastics, and Resins Generated, Rec...TABLE 24.2 Impact Analysis of Each Midpoint Indicator for Scenario 5 (5 kg ...TABLE 24.3 General Requirements to Test Biodegradation Under Laboratory Con...

22 Chapter 25TABLE 25.1 Requirements for Biomaterials [4] TABLE 25.2 Medical Applications of Biodegradable Polymers [4, 5] TABLE 25.3 Second‐Generation PLLA Stents in Preclinical and Clinical Testin...TABLE 25.4 Commercially available PLA‐based GBR membranes TABLE 25.5 Commercially Available PLA Bone Fixatives in the World Market

23 Chapter 26TABLE 26.1 Transition Temperatures of PLA Copolymers TABLE 26.2 Main PLA Grade Commercialized by NatureWorks LLC (Ingeo Portfoli...TABLE 26.3 Total Corbion, Luminy Resin Portfolio TABLE 26.4 Commercially Available PLA/ PLA‐Based Consumer Goods TABLE 26.5 Selected Examples of Commercially Available PLA Food Serviceware TABLE 26.6 Examples of PLA Uses in Automotive Industries

24 Chapter 27TABLE 27.1 Comparison of PLA and PET Fiber/Textile Properties TABLE 27.2 Differences Between Enzymatic and Chemical HydrolysisTABLE 27.3 Comparisons of PLA Degradation Behavior in Sea Water with That i...TABLE 27.4 Antibacterial Activity of PLA Fibers

25 Chapter 28TABLE 28.1 Sorption of Aromatic Chemicals as Model HOCs by Biodegradable an...TABLE 28.2 Degradability of Aliphatic Polyester Pellets Under Denitrifying ...TABLE 28.3 Nitrogen Removal Efficiency in Solid‐Phase Denitrification Proce...TABLE 28.4 Microbial Community Structure of Solid‐Phase Denitrification Pro...