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Obstructive shock can result from the following:

 Massive pulmonary embolism (see Chapter 13)

 Cardiac tamponade (see Chapter 17)

 Tension pneumothorax (see Chapter 17)

This form of shock is due to a reduction in venous return to the heart. Patients, if conscious, are very dyspnoeic and struggle to sit upright, gasping for breath. Extreme tachycardia is a compensatory mechanism for compromised cardiac output. There will also be associated features of the pathology causing the obstruction of blood flow.