Читать книгу Wireless RF Energy Transfer in the Massive IoT Era - Hirley Alves - Страница 18

Holistic Massive IoT. With the increasing demands of massive IoT applications, the network should support dynamic and collaborative orchestration between end-to-end applications, often communicating over multiple domains (wireless, wired, optical), involving multiple radio access technologies (RATs) operated by different stakeholders (public, private, cellular). Thus, the network handles the requirements, even though the application becomes agnostic of the interfaces [35]. For instance, [35] proposes a step toward such integration, since it envisions LPWANs complementing cellular services in many massive IoT applications. At the same time, LPWAN resorts to cellular IoT (and broadband) to extend and supplement its services and applications. However, the volume information and network parameters to be optimized grow exponentially, increasing management and orchestration complexity. In this context, solution based on machine learning and artificial intelligence (AI) may be helpful allies in handling this challenge [36, 37].

Global Scalability. One of the most significant advantages of cellular IoT is global availability, allowing fast penetration of massive IoT applications in many markets. However, competing unlicensed technologies can leverage extensive coverage. In special, non-terrestrial networks, such as low-Earth orbit satellites, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV), high-altitude platforms, have emerged in recent years as strong competitors, particularly for rural, off-shore, and overall remote connectivity [38, 39]. The combination of mMTC and non-terrestrial networks seems to be a vital component of the next generation of cellular systems, aligning with the idea of holistic massive IoT, as discussed in [35]. Some recent works have already shown promising results in this direction; for instance, [40] analyses the performance of mMTC and satellites in a smart city context, while authors in [41] propose a direct connection between terrestrial MTDs and the satellite. Extending this idea, [38] conceptualizes two new architectures to integrate mMTC and satellites, with a direct and an indirect connection between these two entities. These promising findings evince the feasibility of these options even with typical current LPWAN configurations.