Читать книгу Plant Nucleotide Metabolism - Hiroshi Ashihara - Страница 2

1  Cover

2  Preface

3  Part I: General Aspects of Nucleotide Metabolism 1 Structures of Nucleotide-Related Compounds 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Nomenclature and Abbreviations of Nucleotide-Related Compounds 1.3 Chemical Structures of Nucleotide-Related Compounds 1.4 Summary References 2 Occurrence of Nucleotides and Related Metabolites in Plants 2.1 Purines and Pyrimidines 2.2 Pyridine Nucleotides 2.3 Concentration of Cytokinins 2.4 Alkaloids Derived from Nucleotides 2.5 Summary References 3 General Aspects of Nucleotide Biosynthesis and Interconversions 3.1 Introduction 3.2 De Novo Biosynthesis of Ribonucleoside Monophosphates 3.3 Interconversion of Nucleoside Monophosphates, Nucleoside Diphosphates, and Triphosphates 3.4 Conversion of Nucleoside Diphosphates to Nucleoside Triphosphates 3.5 Biosynthesis of Deoxyribonucleotides 3.6 Nucleic Acid Biosynthesis 3.7 Supply of 5-Phosphoribosyl-1-Pyrophosphate 3.8 Supply of Amino Acids for Nucleotide Biosynthesis 3.9 Nitrogen Metabolism and Amino Acid Biosynthesis in Plants 3.10 Summary References

4  Part II: Purine Nucleotide Metabolism 4 Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis De Novo 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Reactions and Enzymes 4.3 Summary References 5 Salvage Pathways of Purine Nucleotide Biosynthesis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Characteristics of Purine Salvage in Plants 5.3 Properties of Purine Phosphoribosyltransferases 5.4 Properties of Nucleoside Kinases 5.5 Properties of Nucleoside Phosphotransferase 5.6 Role of Purine Salvage in Plants 5.7 Summary References 6 Interconversion of Purine Nucleotides 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Deamination Reactions 6.3 Dephosphorylation Reactions 6.4 Glycosidic Bond Cleavage Reactions 6.5 In Situ Metabolism of ¹⁴C-Labelled Purine Nucleotides 6.6 In Situ Metabolism of Purine Nucleosides and Bases 6.7 Summary References 7 Degradation of Purine Nucleotides 7.1 Introduction 7.2 (S)-Allantoin Biosynthesis from Xanthine 7.3 Catabolism of (S)-Allantoin 7.4 Purine Nucleotide Catabolism in Plants 7.5 Accumulation and Utilization of Ureides in Plants 7.6 Summary References

5  Part III: Pyrimidine Nucleotide Metabolism 8 Pyrimidine Nucleotide Biosynthesis De Novo 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Reactions and Enzymes of the De Novo Biosynthesis 8.3 Control Mechanism of De Novo Pyrimidine Ribonucleotide Biosynthesis 8.4 Biosynthesis of Thymidine Nucleotide 8.5 Summary References 9 Salvage Pathways of Pyrimidine Nucleotide Biosynthesis 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Characteristics of Pyrimidine Salvage in Plants 9.3 Enzymes of Pyrimidine Salvage 9.4 Role of Pyrimidine Salvage in Plants 9.5 Summary References 10 Interconversion of Pyrimidine Nucleotides 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Deaminase Reactions 10.3 Nucleosidase and Phosphorylase Reactions 10.4 In Situ Metabolism of ¹⁴C-Labelled Pyrimidines 10.5 Summary References 11 Degradation of Pyrimidine Nucleotides 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Enzymes Involved in the Degradation Routes of Pyrimidines 11.3 The Metabolic Fate of Uracil and Thymine 11.4 Summary References

6  Part IV: Physiological Aspects of Nucleotide Metabolism 12 Growth and Development 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Embryo Maturation 12.3 Germination 12.4 Organogenesis 12.5 Breaking Bud Dormancy 12.6 Fruit Ripening 12.7 Storage Organ Development and Sprouting 12.8 Suspension-Cultured Cells 12.9 Molecular Studies 12.10 Summary References 13 Environmental Factors and Nucleotide Metabolism 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Effect of Phosphate on Nucleotide Metabolism 13.3 Effect of Salts on Nucleotide Metabolism 13.4 Effect of Water Stress 13.5 Effect of Wound Stress 13.6 Effect of Iron Deficiency 13.7 Effect of Light 13.8 Summary References

7  Part V: Purine Alkaloids 14 Occurrence of Purine Alkaloids 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Chemical Structure of Purine Alkaloids 14.3 Occurrence of Purine Alkaloids in Plants 14.4 Summary References 15 Biosynthesis of Purine Alkaloids 15.1 Introduction 15.2 A Brief History of Caffeine Biosynthesis Research 15.3 Caffeine Biosynthesis Pathway 15.4 Genes and Proteins of Caffeine Synthase Family 15.5 Xanthosine Biosynthesis from Purine Nucleotides 15.6 Summary References 16 Physiological and Ecological Aspects of Purine Alkaloid Biosynthesis 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Physiology of Caffeine Biosynthesis 16.3 Subcellular Localization of Caffeine Biosynthesis 16.4 Regulation of Caffeine Biosynthesis 16.5 Ecological Roles of Caffeine 16.6 Summary References 17 Metabolism of Purine Alkaloids and Biotechnology 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Metabolism of Purine Alkaloids 17.3 Diversity of Purine Alkaloid Metabolism in Plants 17.4 Biotechnology of Purine Alkaloids 17.5 Caffeine-Producing Transgenic Plants 17.6 Summary References

8  Part VI: Pyridine Nucleotide Metabolism 18 Pyridine (Nicotinamide Adenine) Nucleotide Biosynthesis De Novo 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Two Distinct Pathways of De Novo Nicotinate Mononucleotide Biosynthesis 18.3 The Outline of the De Novo Pathway of NAD Biosynthesis in Plants 18.4 Enzymes Involved in De Novo NAD Synthesis in Plants 18.5 Summary References 19 Pyridine Nucleotide Cycle 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Pyridine Nucleotide Cycle 19.3 Catabolism of NAD 19.4 Enzymes Involved in NAD Catabolism 19.5 Salvage of Nicotinamide and Nicotinate 19.6 Summary References

9  Part VII: Pyridine Alkaloids 20 Occurrence and Biosynthesis of Pyridine Alkaloids 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Occurrence of Pyridine Alkaloids 20.3 Biosynthesis of Pyridine Alkaloids 20.4 Summary References 21 Physiological Aspect and Biotechnology of Trigonelline 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Physiological Aspect of Trigonelline Biosynthesis 21.3 Physiological Aspects of Nicotinate N-Glucoside Biosynthesis 21.4 The Role of Trigonelline in Plants 21.5 Biotechnology of Trigonelline 21.6 Summary References

10  Part VIII: Other Nucleotide-Related Metabolites 22 Sugar Nucleotides 22.1 Introduction 22.2 The Sugar Nucleotide Moiety 22.3 Enzymes of Sugar Nucleotide Biosynthesis 22.4 Localization of UDP-Glucose-Producing Enzymes 22.5 UDP-Glucose-Interconversion 22.6 Other Metabolites 22.7 Summary References 23 Cytokinins 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Adenosine Phosphate-Isopentenyl Formation 23.3 trans-Zeatin Phosphate Synthesis 23.4 Formation of Cytokinin Bases 23.5 Effect of Nucleotide Enzymes in Cytokinins 23.6 New Purine-Related Plant Growth Regulators 23.7 Summary References

11  Part IX: Dietary Plant Alkaloids, Their Bioavailability, and Potential Impact on Human Health 24 Bioavailability and Potential Impact on Human Health of Caffeine, Theobromine, and Trigonelline 24.1 Caffeine 24.2 Theobromine 24.3 Trigonelline 24.4 Summary References

12  Index

13  End User License Agreement