Читать книгу Plant Nucleotide Metabolism - Hiroshi Ashihara - Страница 4

1 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 The major pathways of de novo biosynthesis of purine, pyrimidine ...Figure 3.2 The tricarboxylic acid (Krebs) cycle in plants. (1) Pyruvate dehy...Figure 3.3 Glycolysis in plants. (1) Hexokinase; (2) phosphoglucoisomerase; ...Figure 3.4 Reactions involved in the substrate level ATP production and cons...Figure 3.5 Photosynthetic Calvin–Benson–Bassham cycle. (1) Ribulose bisphosp...Figure 3.6 Oxidative pentose phosphate pathway. (1) Glucose-6-phosphate dehy...Figure 3.7 Conversion of nucleoside mono-, di- and triphosphates. (1) ATP sy...Figure 3.8 Nitrate reduction and assimilation of ammonia in plants. Enzymes ...Figure 3.9 Outline of amino acids biosynthesis in plants. DAHP, 3-deoxy-D-ar...

2 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Purine ribonucleotide biosynthesis. Abbreviations of metabolites ...

3 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Outline of purine salvage reactions and related enzymes in plants...Figure 5.2 Reactions involved in purine salvage in plants. Reaction 1: phosp...

4 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 The interconversion of purines in plants. Abbreviations: A, adeni...Figure 6.2 The AMP deaminase-catalysed conversion of adenosine-5′-monophosph...Figure 6.3 The guanosine deaminase-catalysed conversion guanosine to xanthos...Figure 6.4 The adenosine nucleosidase-catalysed conversion of adenosine to a...Figure 6.5 In situ metabolism of adenine and adenosine in plants. Abbreviat...Figure 6.6 In situ metabolism of guanine and guanosine in plants. Abbreviat...Figure 6.7 In situ metabolism of hypoxanthine and inosine in plants. Abbrev...Figure 6.8 In situ metabolism of xanthine and xanthosine in plants.Figure 6.9 In situ metabolism of deoxyadenosine and deoxyguanosine in plant...

5 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 The routes of urate synthesis from purine nucleotides in plants. ...Figure 7.2 End products of purine metabolism in animals and plants. Based on...Figure 7.3 (S)-Allantoin biosynthesis from xanthine in plants. Enzyme names ...Figure 7.4 Reactions catalysed by xanthine dehydrogenase.Figure 7.5 Tautomerization of uric acid.Figure 7.6 Degradation pathway of (S)-allantoin in plants. Enzyme names with...Figure 7.7 The reaction of urease. Enzymatic hydrolysis of urea to carbamate...Figure 7.8 Metabolic fate of ¹⁴C-labelled adenine nucleotides in intact Cath...Figure 7.9 Fate of N and C atoms in xanthine structure during degradation of...Figure 7.10 Ureide cycle in ureide-accumulating plants. Activity of the reac...Figure 7.11 Ureide synthesis in nodules and catabolism in shoots in soybean ...

6 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Outline of pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis de novo. Usually fo...Figure 8.2 Reaction 1 in Figure 8.1. (1) Carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase.Figure 8.3 Reaction 2 in Figure 8.1. (2) Aspartate transcarbamoylase.Figure 8.4 Reaction 3 in Figure 8.1. (3) Dihydroorotase.Figure 8.5 Reaction 4 in Figure 8.1. (4) Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase.Figure 8.6 Reaction 5a in Figure 8.1. (5a) Orotate phosphoribosyltransferase...Figure 8.7 Reaction 5b in Figure 8.1. (5b) Orotidine-5′-monophosphate decarb...Figure 8.8 Reaction 8 in Figure 8.1. (8) Cytidine triphosphate synthase.Figure 8.9 Fine control mechanism of UMP synthesis. CPSII (1), ATC (2) and U...Figure 8.10 Outline of thymidine nucleotide biosynthesis de novo. UMP produc...Figure 8.11 Reaction 5 in Figure 8.10. (5) Thymidylate synthase.

7 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Outline of pyrimidine salvage reactions and related enzymes in pl...Figure 9.2 Step 1 in Figure 9.1.Figure 9.3 Step 2 in Figure 9.1.Figure 9.4 Step 3 in Figure 9.1.Figure 9.5 Step 4 in Figure 9.1.Figure 9.6 Step 7 in Figure 9.1.

8 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 The interconversion of pyrimidines in plants. In the de novo pyr...Figure 10.2 Reaction 1 in Figure 10.1.Figure 10.3 Reaction 2 in Figure 10.1.Figure 10.4 Reaction 5 in Figure 10.1.Figure 10.5 In situ metabolism of [2-¹⁴C]uridine and [2-¹⁴C]uracil in plants...Figure 10.6 In situ metabolism of [2-¹⁴C]cytidine and [2-¹⁴C]cytosine in pl...Figure 10.7 In situ metabolism of [2-¹⁴C]deoxycytidine in plants.Figure 10.8 In situ metabolism of [2-¹⁴C]thymidine in plants.

9 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 The catabolic pathway of the pyrimidines uracil and thymine in p...Figure 11.2 The synthesis of pantothenate (vitamin B5) from β-alanine.Figure 11.3 The synthesis of β-alanine betaine from β-alanine.

10 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Metabolic pathways of purine compounds in plants based the fate ...Figure 12.2 Metabolic pathways of pyrimidine compounds in plants based on th...Figure 12.3 The de novo and salvage pathways of deoxyribonucleotides during ...

11 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 Possible metabolic events during recovery from Pi starvation in ...Figure 13.2 Pathways for the generation and utilization of S-adenosyl-L-meth...Figure 13.3 Possible metabolic fate of [2-¹⁴C]uridine and [2-¹⁴C]uracil in c...Figure 13.4 Metabolic pathways for ATP biosynthesis. The de novo and salvage...

12 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Structure of methylxanthines and related metabolites of plants. ...Figure 14.2 Structure of urates and methylurates observed in plants.Figure 14.3 Phylogenetic relationship of xanthine alkaloid-accumulating plan...

13 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 The biosynthesis pathways of caffeine from xanthosine. The major...Figure 15.2 Step 1 in Figure 15.1.Figure 15.3 Step 2 in Figure 15.1.Figure 15.4 Steps in Figure 15.1 in which caffeine synthase (EC 1.1.1.160) a...Figure 15.5 Comparison of the amino acid sequences of caffeine synthases fro...Figure 15.6 Molecular phylogenetic tree of motif B′ methyltransferase family...Figure 15.7 Unrooted maximum likelihood tree based on the alignment of diffe...Figure 15.8 Outline of five possible pathways of xanthosine biosynthesis, a ...Figure 15.9 A possible caffeine biosynthesis pathway from adenosine released...

14 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 The major routes of caffeine biosynthesis and purine nucleotide ...Figure 16.2 The putative reactions of caffeine biosynthesis in different pla...

15 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Biosynthesis pathway of methyluric acids in plants. Enzymes part...Figure 17.2 Interconversion of xanthine alkaloids in plants. Possible enzyme...Figure 17.3 Catabolic pathways of xanthine in plants. Enzymes: (1) xanthine ...Figure 17.4 Diversity of xanthine alkaloid interconversion in Coffea arabica Figure 17.5 Diversity of xanthine alkaloid interconversion in Camellia sinen...Figure 17.6 Diversity of xanthine alkaloid interconversion in Theobroma caca...Figure 17.7 Caffeine metabolism proposed in bacteria (Pseudomonas putida). P...Figure 17.8 Caffeine signal cascade hypothesis in plants proposed by Sano et...

16 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 The aspartate pathway of nicotinate mononucleotide (NaMN) synthe...Figure 18.2 The kynurenine pathway of nicotinate mononucleotide (NaMN) synth...Figure 18.3 Step 1 in Table 18.1.Figure 18.4 Step 2 in Table 18.1.Figure 18.5 Step 3 in Table 18.1.Figure 18.6 Step 4 in Table 18.1.Figure 18.7 Step 5 in Table 18.1.Figure 18.8 Step 6 in Table 18.1.Figure 18.9 Structures of oxidized (NAD⁺) and reduced (NADH) forms of NA...

17 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Structures of metabolites involved in the pyridine nucleotide cy...Figure 19.2 Typical two pyridine nucleotide cycles in plants. The PNC VII co...Figure 19.3 Detailed metabolic pathways involved in the pyridine nucleotide ...Figure 19.4 Step 6 in Figures 19.2 and 19.3 catalysed by nicotinate phosphor...Figure 19.5 Step 10 in Figure 19.3 catalysed by nicotinamide riboside kinase...

18 Chapter 20Figure 20.1 Chemical structures of pyridine alkaloids and related compounds.Figure 20.2 Production of trigonelline from nicotinate.Figure 20.3 Production of nicotinate-N-glucoside from nicotinate.Figure 20.4 Phylogenetic relationship between trigonelline- and nicotinate-N Figure 20.5 Proposed pathway of ricinine biosynthesis in Ricinus communis (a...Figure 20.6 Proposed pathway of nicotine alkaloid biosynthesis (adapted from...

19 Chapter 21Figure 21.1 Possible pyridine nucleotide cycle and the trigonelline synthesi...Figure 21.2 A possible trigonelline pathway from aspartate which is required...

20 Chapter 22Figure 22.1 The conversion of UTP to UDP-glucose catalysed by UDP-glucose py...Figure 22.2 Possible involvement of UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase (UGPase) i...Figure 22.3 The conversion of UDP to UDP-glucose is catalysed by sucrose syn...Figure 22.4 De novo synthesis and recycling pathways of UDP-sugars. Enzymes:...

21 Chapter 23Figure 23.1 Structures of naturally occurring cytokinins in plants. The firs...Figure 23.2 Current model of purine cytokinin biosynthesis pathway in plants...Figure 23.3 The cytokinin interconversion pathway. Numbers indicate the reac...Figure 23.4 Biosynthesis of plant growth stimulators, 2-azahypoxanthine (AHX...

22 Chapter 24Figure 24.1 Pathways for human metabolism of caffeine to di- and monomethylx...Figure 24.2 Time course of (a) flow mediated dilation (FMD) and (b) structur...