Читать книгу Arc Flash Hazard Analysis and Mitigation - J. C. Das - Страница 2
Table of Contents
Оглавление1 COVER
4 FOREWORD
9 1 ARC FLASH HAZARDS AND THEIR ANALYSES 1.1 ELECTRICAL ARCS 1.2 ARC FLASH HAZARD AND PERSONAL SAFETY 1.3 TIME MOTION STUDIES 1.4 ARC FLASH HAZARDS 1.5 ARC BLAST 1.6 ELECTRICAL SHOCK HAZARD 1.7 FIRE HAZARD 1.8 ARC FLASH HAZARD ANALYSIS 1.9 PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT 1.10 HAZARD BOUNDARIES 1.11 MAXIMUM DURATION OF AN ARC FLASH EVENT AND ARC FLASH BOUNDARY 1.12 REASONS FOR INTERNAL ARCING FAULTS 1.13 ARC FLASH HAZARD CALCULATION STEPS 1.14 EXAMPLES OF CALCULATIONS 1.15 REDUCING ARC FLASH HAZARD REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES
10 2 SAFETY AND PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN: A NEW FRONTIER 2.1 ELECTRICAL STANDARDS AND CODES 2.2 PREVENTION THROUGH DESIGN 2.3 LIMITATIONS OF EXISTING CODES, REGULATIONS, AND STANDARDS 2.4 ELECTRICAL HAZARDS 2.5 CHANGING THE SAFETY CULTURE 2.6 RISK ANALYSIS FOR CRITICAL OPERATION POWER SYSTEMS 2.7 RELIABILITY ANALYSIS 2.8 MAINTENANCE AND OPERATION 2.9 SAFETY INTEGRITY LEVEL AND SAFETY INSTRUMENTED SYSTEM 2.10 ELECTRICAL SAFETY IN THE WORKPLACES 2.11 RISK REDUCTION 2.12 RISK EVALUATION 2.13 RISK REDUCTION VERIFICATION 2.14 RISK CONTROL REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES
11 3 CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO IEEE GUIDE 1584, 2018 3.1 MODEL FOR INCIDENT ENERGY CALCULATIONS 3.2 ELECTRODE CONFIGURATION 3.3 IMPACT OF SYSTEM GROUNDING 3.4 INTERMEDIATE AVERAGE ARCING CURRENT 3.5 ARCING CURRENT VARIATION FACTOR 3.6 CALCULATION OF INTERMEDIATE INCIDENT ENERGY 3.7 INTERMEDIATE ARC FLASH BOUNDARY (AFB) 3.8 ENCLOSURE SIZE CORRECTION FACTOR 3.9 DETERMINE EQUIVALENT HEIGHT AND WIDTH 3.10 DETERMINE ENCLOSURE SIZE CORRECTION FACTOR 3.11 DETERMINATION OF IARC, E, AND AFB (600 V < VOC ≤ 15,000 V) 3.12 DETERMINATION OF IARC, E, AND AFB (VOC ≤ 600 V) 3.13 A FLOW CHART FOR THE CALCULATIONS 3.14 EXAMPLES OF CALCULATIONS REFERENCES
12 4 ARC FLASH HAZARD AND SYSTEM GROUNDING 4.1 SYSTEM AND EQUIPMENT GROUNDING 4.2 LOW RESISTANCE GROUNDING 4.3 HIGH RESISTANCE GROUNDED SYSTEMS 4.4 UNGROUNDED SYSTEMS 4.5 REACTANCE GROUNDING 4.6 RESONANT GROUNDING 4.7 CORNER OF DELTA-GROUNDED SYSTEMS 4.8 SURGE ARRESTERS 4.9 ARTIFICIALLY DERIVED NEUTRALS 4.10 MULTIPLE GROUNDED SYSTEMS 4.11 ARC FLASH HAZARD IN SOLIDLY GROUNDED SYSTEMS 4.12 PROTECTION AND COORDINATION IN SOLIDLY GROUNDED SYSTEMS 4.13 GROUND FAULT COORDINATION IN LOW RESISTANCE GROUNDED MEDIUM VOLTAGE SYSTEMS 4.14 MONITORING OF GROUNDING RESISTORS 4.15 SELECTION OF GROUNDING SYSTEMS REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES
13 5 SHORT-CIRCUIT CALCULATIONS ACCORDING TO ANSI/IEEE STANDARDS FOR ARC FLASH ANALYSIS 5.1 TYPES OF CALCULATIONS 5.2 RATING STRUCTURE OF HV CIRCUIT BREAKERS 5.3 LOW-VOLTAGE MOTORS 5.4 ROTATING MACHINE MODEL 5.5 CALCULATION METHODS 5.6 NETWORK REDUCTION 5.7 CALCULATION PROCEDURE 5.8 CAPACITOR AND STATIC CONVERTER CONTRIBUTIONS TO SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS 5.9 TYPICAL COMPUTER-BASED CALCULATION RESULTS 5.10 EXAMPLES OF CALCULATIONS 5.11 THIRTY-CYCLE SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS 5.12 UNSYMMETRICAL SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS 5.13 COMPUTER METHODS 5.14 SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS FOR ARC FLASH CALCULATIONS REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES
14 6 ACCOUNTING FOR DECAYING SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN ARC FLASH CALCULATIONS 6.1 SHORT CIRCUIT OF A PASSIVE ELEMENT 6.2 SYSTEMS WITH NO AC DECAY 6.3 REACTANCES OF A SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE 6.4 SATURATION OF REACTANCES 6.5 TIME CONSTANTS OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES 6.6 SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE BEHAVIOR ON TERMINAL SHORT CIRCUIT 6.7 SHORT CIRCUIT OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS AND CONDENSERS 6.8 SHORT CIRCUIT OF INDUCTION MOTORS 6.9 A NEW ALGORITHM FOR ARC FLASH CALCULATIONS WITH DECAYING SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS 6.10 CROWBAR METHODS REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES
15 7 PROTECTIVE RELAYING 7.1 PROTECTION AND COORDINATION FROM ARC FLASH CONSIDERATIONS 7.2 CLASSIFICATION OF RELAY TYPES 7.3 DESIGN CRITERIA OF PROTECTIVE SYSTEMS 7.4 OVERCURRENT PROTECTION 7.5 LOW VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS 7.6 SHORT-CIRCUIT RATINGS OF LOW VOLTAGE CIRCUIT BREAKERS 7.7 SERIES-CONNECTED RATINGS 7.8 FUSES 7.9 APPLICATION OF FUSES FOR ARC FLASH REDUCTION 7.10 CONDUCTOR PROTECTION 7.11 MOTOR PROTECTION 7.12 GENERATOR 51-V PROTECTION REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES
16 8 UNIT PROTECTION SYSTEMS 8.1 OVERLAPPING THE ZONES OF PROTECTION 8.2 IMPORTANCE OF DIFFERENTIAL SYSTEMS FOR ARC FLASH REDUCTION 8.3 BUS DIFFERENTIAL SCHEMES 8.4 HIGH IMPEDANCE DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS 8.5 LOW IMPEDANCE CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS 8.6 ELECTROMECHANICAL TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS 8.7 MICROPROCESSOR-BASED TRANSFORMER DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS 8.8 PILOT WIRE PROTECTION 8.9 MODERN LINE CURRENT DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION 8.10 EXAMPLES OF ARC FLASH REDUCTION WITH DIFFERENTIAL RELAYS REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES
17 9 ARC FAULT DETECTION RELAYS 9.1 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION 9.2 LIGHT INTENSITY 9.3 LIGHT SENSOR TYPES 9.4 OTHER HARDWARE 9.5 SELECTIVE TRIPPING 9.6 SUPERVISION WITH CURRENT ELEMENTS 9.7 APPLICATIONS 9.8 EXAMPLES OF CALCULATION 9.9 ARC VAULT™ PROTECTION FOR LOW VOLTAGE SYSTEMS REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES
18 10 OVERCURRENT COORDINATION 10.1 STANDARDS AND REQUIREMENTS 10.2 DATA FOR THE COORDINATION STUDY 10.3 COMPUTER-BASED COORDINATION 10.4 INITIAL ANALYSIS 10.5 COORDINATING TIME INTERVAL 10.6 FUNDAMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR COORDINATION 10.7 COORDINATION ON INSTANTANEOUS BASIS 10.8 NEC REQUIREMENTS OF SELECTIVITY 10.9 THE ART OF COMPROMISE REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES
19 11 TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 11.1 NEC REQUIREMENTS 11.2 ARC FLASH CONSIDERATIONS 11.3 SYSTEM CONFIGURATIONS OF TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS 11.4 THROUGH FAULT CURRENT WITHSTAND CAPABILITY 11.5 CONSTRUCTING THE THROUGH FAULT CURVE ANALYTICALLY 11.6 TRANSFORMER PRIMARY FUSE PROTECTION 11.7 OVERCURRENT RELAYS FOR TRANSFORMER PRIMARY PROTECTION 11.8 LISTING REQUIREMENTS 11.9 EFFECT OF TRANSFORMER WINDING CONNECTIONS 11.10 REQUIREMENTS OF GROUND FAULT PROTECTION 11.11 THROUGH FAULT PROTECTION 11.12 OVERALL TRANSFORMER PROTECTION 11.13 A PRACTICAL STUDY FOR ARC FLASH REDUCTION REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES
20 12 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS 12.1 ACCURACY CLASSIFICATION OF CTs 12.2 CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF CTs 12.3 SECONDARY TERMINAL VOLTAGE RATING 12.4 CT RATIO AND PHASE ANGLE ERRORS 12.5 INTERRELATION OF CT RATIO AND C CLASS ACCURACY 12.6 POLARITY OF INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS 12.7 APPLICATION CONSIDERATIONS 12.8 SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTIONS OF CTs 12.9 TRANSIENT PERFORMANCE OF THE CTs 12.10 PRACTICALITY OF APPLICATION 12.11 CTs FOR LOW RESISTANCE-GROUNDED MEDIUM VOLTAGE SYSTEMS 12.12 FUTURE DIRECTIONS REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES
21 13 ARC-RESISTANT EQUIPMENT 13.1 CALCULATIONS OF ARC FLASH HAZARD IN ARC-RESISTANT EQUIPMENT 13.2 QUALIFICATIONS IN IEEE GUIDE 13.3 ACCESSIBILITY TYPES 13.4 IEC ACCESSIBILITY TYPES 13.5 ARC-RESISTANT RATINGS 13.6 TESTING ACCORDING TO IEEE GUIDE 13.7 PRESSURE RELIEF 13.8 VENTING AND PLENUMS 13.9 CABLE ENTRIES REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES
22 14 RECENT TRENDS AND INNOVATIONS 14.1 STATISTICAL DATA OF ARC FLASH HAZARDS 14.2 ZONE-SELECTIVE INTERLOCKING 14.3 MICROPROCESSOR-BASED LOW VOLTAGE SWITCHGEAR 14.4 LOW VOLTAGE MOTOR CONTROL CENTERS 14.5 MAINTENANCE MODE SWITCH 14.6 INFRARED WINDOWS AND SIGHT GLASSES 14.7 FAULT CURRENT LIMITERS 14.8 PARTIAL DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES
23 15 ARC FLASH HAZARD CALCULATIONS IN DC SYSTEMS 15.1 CALCULATIONS OF THE SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS IN DC SYSTEMS 15.2 SOURCES OF DC SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS 15.3 IEC CALCULATION PROCEDURES 15.4 SHORT CIRCUIT OF A LEAD ACID BATTERY 15.5 SHORT CIRCUIT OF DC MOTORS AND GENERATORS 15.6 SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT OF A RECTIFIER 15.7 SHORT CIRCUIT OF A CHARGED CAPACITOR 15.8 TOTAL SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT 15.9 DC CIRCUIT BREAKERS AND FUSES 15.10 ARCING IN DC SYSTEMS 15.11 EQUATIONS FOR CALCULATION OF INCIDENT ENERGY IN DC SYSTEMS 15.12 PROTECTION OF THE SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES
24 16 APPLICATION OF ETHERNET AND IEC 61850 COMMUNICATIONS 16.1 IEC 61850 PROTOCOL 16.2 MODERN IEDs 16.3 SUBSTATION ARCHITECTURE 16.4 IEC 61850 COMMUNICATION STRUCTURE 16.5 LOGICAL NODES 16.6 ETHERNET CONNECTION 16.7 NETWORKING MEDIA 16.8 NETWORK TOPOLOGIES 16.9 APPLICATION TO ARC FLASH RELAYING AND COMMUNICATIONS REVIEW QUESTIONS REFERENCES
25 APPENDIX A: STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY APPLIED TO ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING A.1 MEAN MODE AND MEDIAN A.2 MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION A.3 SKEWNESS AND KURTOSIS A.4 NORMAL OR GAUSSIAN DISTRIBUTION A.5 CURVE FITTING: LEAST SQUARE LINE REFERENCES
26 APPENDIX B: TABLES FOR QUICK ESTIMATION OF INCIDENT ENERGY AND PPE IN ELECTRICAL SYSTEMS
27 INDEX
