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List of Tables

1 Chapter 1TABLE 1.1. BallisticsV₅₀ Results for Arc-Rated Fabric Systems TABLE 1.2. Resistance of 130-cm² Areas of Various Materials TABLE 1.3. Time–Current Zones for 15–100 Hz AC Currents for Hand-to-Feet Path...TABLE 1.4. Limitations of ARC Flash Hazard Calculation Methods TABLE 1.5. Classes of Equipment and Typical Bus Gaps TABLE 1.6. Classes of Equipment and Typical Working Distances TABLE 1.7. Factors for Equipment and Voltage Classes TABLE 1.8. Protective Clothing Characteristics TABLE 1.9. Limited Approach and Restricted Approach Boundaries TABLE 1.10. Arc Flash Boundary and Incident Energy Release for 30 kA of Bolte...TABLE 1.11. Arc Flash Boundary and Incident Energy Release for 30 kA of Bolte...TABLE 1.12. Statistics of Arc Flash Incidents TABLE 1.13. Arc Flash Calculations, Example 1.5 TABLE 1.14. Measures to Protect Against Arc Flash TABLE 1.15. Matrix of Sample Arc Flash Mitigation Measures TABLE 1.16. Measures for Mitigating Arc Flashes at Key Locations in Data Cent...
2 Chapter 2TABLE 2.1. Workplace Electrical Deaths, 1992–2000 TABLE 2.2. Deﬁnition Summary for the Reliability Analysis TABLE 2.3. SIL for Safety Functions Operating on Demand or in a Continuous De...TABLE 2.4. Parameters of Determining Risk Levels and Likelihood of Injury or ...TABLE 2.5. Severity of Possible Injury or Damage to Health, Classiﬁcation TABLE 2.6. Frequency and Duration of Exposure TABLE 2.7. Likelihood of a Hazardous Event (Pr) Classiﬁcation TABLE 2.8. Likelihood of Avoiding or Limiting Injury or Damage to Health (Av)...TABLE 2.9. Sample Auditing Form TABLE 2.10. The Hierarchy of Risk Control Methods TABLE 2.11. Failures per Year-IEEE 493-2007
3 Chapter 3TABLE 3.1. Coefficients for Equation (3.1)TABLE 3.2. Coefficients for Equation (3.2)TABLE 3.3. Coefficients for Equations (3.3), (3.6), (3.7), and (3.10)TABLE 3.4. Coefficients for Equations (3.4) and (3.8)TABLE 3.5. Coefficients for Equations (3.5) and (3.9)TABLE 3.6. Guidelines to Determine Equivalent Height and WidthTABLE 3.7. Coefficients for Equations (3.14) and (3.15)TABLE 3.8. Arc Flash Calculations According to IEEE 1584, 2002 Versus 2018 Ed...TABLE 3.9. Arc Fault Calculations According to IEEE 5184, 2002 Versus 2018 Ed...
4 Chapter 4TABLE 4.1. Comparison of Grounding SystemsTABLE 4.2. Power Circuit Breaker Operating TimesTABLE 4.3. Relay Operation for Selective Ground Fault Tripping, Example 4.4TABLE 4.4. Area of Shutdown for Fault Locations Shown in Figure 4.15, Example...TABLE 4.6. Variations in the Resistance Values after 10-Second Stainless Stee...
5 Chapter 5TABLE 5.1. Impedance Multiplier Factors for Rotating Equipment for Short-Circ...TABLE 5.2. Resistance of System Components for Short-Circuit CalculationsTABLE 5.3. Comparison of Short-Circuit Calculations, ANSI/IEC/EMTP, and Dynam...TABLE 5.4. Impedance Data for Example 5.1TABLE 5.5. Impedance Multiplying Factors for Motor Loads (Example 5.1)TABLE 5.6. Multiplying Factors for LV Circuit Breaker Duties (Example 5.1)TABLE 5.7. Impedance Data (100 MVA Base) Distribution System (Example 5.2)TABLE 5.8. Calculated Duties on 13.8 kV Breakers (Example 5.2)TABLE 5.9. Flow of Component Interrupting Duty Short-Circuit Currents from Co...TABLE 5.10. Calculated Duties on Feeder Circuit Breakers on 13.8-kV Bus 2 (Ex...TABLE 5.11. Calculated Duties on 4.16-kV Breakers (Example 5.2)TABLE 5.12. Short-Circuit Duties on 4.16-kV MCC (Example 5.2)TABLE 5.13. Calculated Duties 13.8-kV Transformer Primary Switches and Fuses ...TABLE 5.14. Short-Circuit Duties on Low Voltage Circuit Breakers (Example 5.2...TABLE 5.15. Calculated Duties on 138-kV Breakers (Example 5.2)TABLE 5.16. 30-Cycle Currents, Distribution System (Example 5.4)TABLE 5.17. Zero Sequence Impedance Data (Example 5.4)
6 Chapter 6TABLE 6.1. Incident Energy Calculations in Figures 6.5, 6.6 and 7
7 Chapter 7TABLE 7.1. Constants for Overcurrent Relay ANSI/IEEE CurvesTABLE 7.2. Constants for IEC Overcurrent Relay CurvesTABLE 7.3. Incident Energy for Various Overcurrent Relays Curve Shapes in Fig...TABLE 7.4. Arc Flash Hazard Calculations, Example 7.2, LV switchgear, gap = 3...TABLE 7.5. Short Time Bands of Old versus New LVPCB Trip DevicesTABLE 7.6. Arc Flash Hazard Calculations in Low Voltage Systems, Various Tran...TABLE 7.7. Multiplying Factors for Low Voltage LVPCBsTABLE 7.8. Test Power Factors of MCCBsTABLE 7.9. Short-Circuit Multiplying Factors for MCCBs and ICCBsTABLE 7.10. Short-Circuit Ratings of Various Fuse TypesTABLE 7.11. AC/DC Resistance Ratios: Copper and Aluminum Conductors at 60 Hz ...
8 Chapter 8TABLE 8.1. Arc Flash Hazard Reduction in Medium Voltage Systems through Diffe...TABLE 8.2. Arc Flash Hazard Reduction in Medium Voltage Systems through Diffe...
9 Chapter 9TABLE 9.1. Typical Ambient Illumination LevelsTABLE 9.2. Minimum Length of the Exposed Sensor Fiber per One Switchgear Comp...TABLE 9.3. Arc Flash Calculation Results with AFD, Sensing Time = 0.25 Cycles...TABLE 9.4. Arc Flash Calculation Results with AFD, Sensing Time = 0.25 Cycles...TABLE 9.5. Arc Flash Calculation Results with AFD, Sensing Time = 0.25 Cycles...
10 Chapter 10TABLE 10.1. Coordinating Time IntervalsTABLE 10.2. Typical Minimum Instantaneous Thresholds for Upstream Feeders Abo...TABLE 10.3. Circuit Breaker Selection and Trip Settings for Selective Coordin...TABLE 10.4. Arc Flash Hazard Calculations, Example 10.3, ATS Connected to Nor...TABLE 10.5. Final Settings on OCPDs of Figure 10.14
11 Chapter 11TABLE 11.1. Maximum Rating or Setting of Overcurrent Protection for Transform...TABLE 11.2. Maximum Rating or Setting of Overcurrent Protection for Transform...TABLE 11.3. Transformer Short-Time Thermal Overload CapabilityTABLE 11.4. Maximum Ratings of Current Limiting Fuses and Protected Transform...TABLE 11.5. Requirement ofI² t Limitations and Minimum Pressure Relief Capaci...TABLE 11.6. Protection Provided by Primary Fuses: Frequent Fault and Infreque...TABLE 11.7. Protection Provided by Fuses versus Relays for Transformer throug...TABLE 11.8. Cable Sizes and Lengths, Figure 11.16TABLE 11.9. Faults at Various Locations in Figure 11.16 and the Protective De...TABLE 11.10. Arc Flash Hazard Analysis (see Figure 11.16) and TCC Plots (see ...TABLE 11.11. Arc Flash Hazard Analysis (see Figure 11.19) with Main Secondary...TABLE 11.12. Arc Flash Hazard Analysis, Main Secondary Breakers Provided with...
12 Chapter 12TABLE 12.1. Standard Accuracy Class for Metering Service and Corresponding Li...TABLE 12.2. Ratio Errors for Relaying Accuracy CTsTABLE 12.3. Class C or T Relaying Accuracy: Secondary Voltage and Relaying Bu...TABLE 12.4. C Class Accuracy Window Type CTs Normally Provided on Medium Volt...TABLE 12.5. Calculation of CT Secondary Resistance and VA Burden (Example 12....TABLE 12.6. Calculated CT Secondary Voltage (Volts) Using Factor (1 +X/R), an...TABLE 12.7. Calculated CT Secondary Voltage (Volts) Using Factor (1 +X/R), Ig...
13 Chapter 14TABLE 14.1. Annual Arc Flash Exposures for Equipment Types and Voltage LevelsTABLE 14.2. Arc Flash Hazard Analysis with TCC Plots Shown in Figure 14.6, Ex...TABLE 14.3. Arc Flash Reduction with Main MCC Fuses, Class L, 1000 A, 480-V, ...TABLE 14.4. Comparisons ofI²t of Various Current Interrupting Devices for 40-...TABLE 14.5. Distribution ofQ_m for Air-Cooled Stators of Generators with 80 pF...
14 Chapter 15TABLE 15.1. Preferred Ratings of General Purpose DC Power Circuit Breakers wi...TABLE 15.2. Iterative Calculation of Arcing Current Point A (27.5 kA) in Figu...TABLE 15.3. Calculations of Arcing Current and Arcing ResistanceTABLE 15.4. Calculation of the Average Current through the Fuse (Example 15.8...TABLE 15.5. Optimum Values ofa and k
15 Chapter 16TABLE 16.1. Description of IEC 16850 Part NumbersTABLE 16.2. Logical Node GroupsTABLE 16.3. Port Description, Typical Distance, and Power Budget installation...
16 Appendix ATABLE A.1. Fitting the Least Square Line, Example A.1
17 Appendix BTABLE B.1. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Ungrounded System...TABLE B.2. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Ungrounded System...TABLE B.3. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Ungrounded System...TABLE B.4. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Ungrounded System...TABLE B.5. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Ungrounded System...TABLE B.6. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Low Voltage Switc...TABLE B.7. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Low Voltage Switc...TABLE B.8. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Low Voltage Switc...TABLE B.9. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Low Voltage Switc...TABLE B.10. Arc Flash Calculations in 480-V, Three-Phase, 60-Hz Low Voltage Swit...TABLE B.11. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage, Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 2.4- o...TABLE B.12. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 2.4- or...TABLE B.13. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage, Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 2.4- o...TABLE B.14. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 2.4- or...TABLE B.15. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 13.8-kV...TABLE B.16. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 13.8-kV...TABLE B.17. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 13.8-kV...TABLE B.18. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 13.8-kV...TABLE B.19. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage, Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 2.4- o...TABLE B.20. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage, Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 2.4- o...TABLE B.21. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage, Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 2.4- o...TABLE B.22. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 2.4- or...TABLE B.23. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage, Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 13.8-k...TABLE B.24. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage, Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 13.8-k...TABLE B.25. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage, Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 13.8-k...TABLE B.26. Arc Flash Calculations in Medium Voltage, Three-Phase, 60-Hz, 13.8-k...

Arc Flash Hazard Analysis and Mitigation

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