Читать книгу Best Summit Hikes in Colorado - James Dziezynski - Страница 12
ОглавлениеSafety in the Mountains
Altitude: This Is Your Brain on Thin Air; Any Questions?
Note: The following overview is not a substitute for attaining a deeper knowledge of altitude-related symptoms. Wilderness first-aid courses are great opportunities to learn more and are advised for those spending a great deal of time at altitude. Suggested reading includes Altitude Illness: Prevention and Treatment by Stephen Bezruchka, M.D., and Going Higher by Charles Houston, M.D., both published by The Mountaineers Books.
We humans have grown rather fond of oxygen. The air we breathe enables our intricate respiratory systems to relay oxygen to the vital organs of our bodies. At altitude, decreased oxygen levels cause the body to alter how it utilizes the invaluable gas. The series of adaptations that occur at high elevations are known as acclimatization. Simply put, acclimatizing allows your body to properly function when the concentration of oxygen in the air is reduced.
First off, it’s important to know what happens to the air at altitude. “Thin air” is a layman’s term used to describe the paucity of oxygen at higher elevations, due to lower atmospheric pressure. At sea level, oxygen levels are “compressed” by the weight of the atmosphere; therefore, at sea level, oxygen molecules are abundant. As you ascend higher, the weight of the atmosphere lessens, meaning the particles of air have more space to move around. As a result, less dense air will contain smaller concentrations of oxygen. Air circulating the summit of Colorado’s highest peaks, 14,000 feet above sea level, will contain roughly one third of the oxygen found in the air at sea level.
People used to living at sea level begin to feel the effects of altitude around 5,000 feet. Journeys to higher elevations can provoke severe changes; life-threatening ailments associated with altitude have occurred as low as 8,000 feet. Knowing what is happening to your body is key to functioning well at altitude. A little understanding will aid in making each trip to altitude an enjoyable one. The most important thing to remember: Ascending slowly and avoiding overexertion are vital in adapting to altitude. And if you begin to feel bad—very bad—descent is the smartest decision and the easiest way to feel better.
How Our Bodies Adapt to Altitude
Our body has three major involuntary systems that change to cope with altitude, though how proficiently it does so is different for each individual. Rate of respiration, heart rate, and increased red blood cell production all work to bring oxygen levels to adequate levels when a person is confronted with decreased oxygen. Most obvious to the hiker is an increased rate of respiration. By breathing faster (even at rest), we are able to coax more oxygen out of the air. When respiration takes priority, simple tasks such as drinking from a water bottle or holding a conversation can leave one winded. Above 13,000 feet, it is normal to rest and catch your breath every few steps.
One’s heart rate increases to efficiently pump each oxygen-reduced packet of blood through the body. Anyone who has felt the curious heart-pounding result from simple tasks at altitude knows that it doesn’t take much to trigger the familiar throbbing sensation in the chest. Opening the wrapper of a candy bar or fighting with the stubborn cap on summit register tubes can leave one wheezing!
Red blood cell production is a much slower process than respiration and heart rate, taking approximately a month to fully adapt at a given altitude. For those spending weeks or months at altitude, this is the final step to being fully comfortable at high elevations. The more red blood cells present in the body, the more carriers there are for oxygen. Blood initially gets thicker at elevation due to dehydration. The blood remains thick as the body acclimates to the increased presence of red blood cells.
Other bodily functions are affected by these primary changes in body rhythms. Diuresis is inevitable; as the body speeds up, it needs to expel more extraneous fluid. Peeing a lot is not necessarily a bad thing. Urine color is a good indicator of hydration. Clear urine is a sign of proper hydration, while thicker yellow or foul-smelling urine is an indication that the body needs more water/fluids. It can be annoying if you’re trying to get a good night’s sleep, but not peeing a lot at altitude can be a sign that your body is not making the proper adjustments. (Don’t be alarmed; just pay attention if this happens.)
Digestion can also be affected by altitude, as there is often not enough oxygenated blood in the digestive tract to break down fatty foods. As a result, appetites may diminish (though psychological factors may play a part in this too). Sour or acidic stomachs are common at altitude; regular antacids are helpful in making your tummy feel better. Increased flatulence is a comical (if you’re a guy) side effect, though more discreet individuals (usually women) can find this a bit embarrassing. Hey, you’re up in the mountains; let it rip! Farting can relieve pressure and actually make you feel better, so don’t hold it in!
Along with digestion, you may need to go number two more than you would at home. This is normal; as things speed up in your body, so will your metabolism. Having to poop more is natural. Cheeky National Outdoors Leadership School (NOLS) instructors have dubbed the telltale light-brown piles of unacclimated hikers “NOLS gold.” Lighter-colored feces are a result of nutrients passing through the body too quickly to be fully absorbed. A yucky side effect is the appeal of such nutrient rich piles to animals—that is why it is important to properly dispose of human waste. Make a hole at least 8 inches deep for human waste and cover it up; pack out any nonbiodegradable materials.
High-altitude edema or peripheral edema is a temporary swelling of the face, eyes, fingers, and ankles. This condition is more prevalent in women, though it will affect most people going up to 14,000 feet to some degree. A less scientific term for this condition is sausage fingers. By itself, it is not a threat, but an early indicator of other possible symptoms, notably acute mountain sickness (AMS). Again, there’s no reason to be alarmed, but pay attention. Using hiking poles (which keep the fingers active in the act of gripping) can help reduce the possibility of peripheral edema in the hands. Prolonged peripheral edema can split the skin on the thumb and fingertips, sometimes below the fingernail. This can be a painful condition that makes some simple chores (such as priming a pump-pressure stove) difficult.
High-altitude edema or peripheral edema is a temporary swelling of the face, eyes, fingers, and ankles. Using hiking poles can help reduce the possibility of peripheral edema in the hands.
How Long Does It Take to Acclimate? How Long Do the Effects Last?
Full acclimatization takes about one month for most people, though most feel strong at high altitude (more than 5,000 feet) after three to four days. The rate of ascent is an important factor: acclimating from sea level to 8,000 feet is easier than adapting from 8,000 feet to 16,000 feet. If properly ascending, hikers in Colorado generally feel “normal” after two to three days above 10,000 feet. After approximately 6–10 days, your body will have completed most major high-altitude-related adjustments; it takes roughly 7–14 days to lose the major benefits of acclimatization.
Illnesses and Symptoms of Altitude Sickness
Just about everyone who ventures up to altitude gets a sampling of AMS at one time or another. In mild cases (which are most common), the condition is bearable, though a little uncomfortable. Slight headaches, nausea, loss of appetite, malaise (a vague lack of energy or ability to think clearly), and sleeplessness are common and can often be dealt with by using over-the-counter pain relievers. For fast relief (that has worked for me), Advil Liqui-Gels are tops—and I’m not just saying that because they gave me a free car! (I’m just kidding of course. My car, a mountain-beaten 1989 Honda Accord, looks like it was donated by Sanford and Son.) Aspirin, acetaminophen, or ibuprofen may work better for you. Mild AMS can occur anywhere between one and three days after arriving at altitude and usually lasts a few hours to two days, as symptoms gradually diminish. These conditions are generally harmless, but they do raise a yellow flag. If they do not subside, they could lead to more serious conditions.
Moderate cases of AMS are quite a bit worse. This is the worst condition I’ve experienced (read sidebar “The Bierstadt Incident,” for details), and even though it truly was a moderate case, I felt like I’d just gone 10 rounds with Mike Tyson in a room lit by 80,000-watt lightbulbs after eating a gallon of moldy mayonnaise. If you couldn’t guess, moderate AMS is like a powerful hangover and is generally unaffected by most pain relievers (though antacids or Pepto-Bismol–type medicines may soothe your stomach). Moderate AMS is an amplified version of mild AMS: the headache is more intense, the nausea often results in vomiting, and even simple exertion can leave you out of breath. The only way to feel better is to descend. Going higher may be possible for stubborn souls, but it could cause the condition to worsen. Descending 1,000–3,000 feet will make a big difference and is recommended. (It may even rebalance the body enough for you to give the hike another go in a few hours.)
Severe AMS is no joke. This life-threatening condition cannot be ignored, as it may be a precursor to cerebral edema. All the conditions of moderate AMS are present, along with the following symptoms: lack of balance and muscle coordination, confusion, or severe mood changes. At this stage, people may become unaware of their surroundings and may become angry, hostile, or unintelligible. A good test is having them walk a straight line, similar to the sobriety test issued by the police. Rapid descent is your only choice; get the afflicted person down any way you can. Wait until the person is back to normal (which may take days, or not happen at all until you descend farther) to resume ascending, doing so with an eye on potential recurrence.
When diagnosing AMS, it is important to note that the symptoms may instead be signs of hypothermia (covered), fatigue, stress, dehydration, or nerves. A good rule of thumb: If the person isn’t having fun (or can’t tell you if they are or not), descend immediately.
HAPE and HACE are acronyms for altitude sickness in its most dangerous and deadly form. While both conditions are relatively rare in Colorado, both can happen as low as 8,000 feet above sea level. High-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) occurs when fluid from the blood leaks into the lungs. As blood struggles to adapt to altitude, pressure in the arteries (which is aggravated by exertion, dehydration, and cold) causes water and fluids to escape into the lungs. HAPE is a progressive condition. After several hours or days of undiminished AMS, the victim’s condition may enter into HAPE. He or she will breathe rapidly, even when at rest. The smallest tasks will be exhausting and will leave the victim moody and tired. Often, even speaking becomes a laborious chore. If the condition is allowed to get worse, breathing becomes visibly frothy and audibly bubbly and is often accompanied by a dry cough that expels sputum from the lungs. The victim’s lips turn permanently blue, due to the lack of oxygen traveling through the body. (Lips should be the same color as one’s fingernail beds.)
HAPE is not a moderate condition; without immediate treatment at a medical facility, a victim can rapidly phase into unconsciousness and death. Descending will help, but professional medical treatment is paramount. Even with the best medicines, the decline is sometimes irreversible. It’s serious business; luckily, it is fairly rare between 8,000 and 14,000 feet. In Colorado, most HAPE victims come from sea level and ascend to over 9,000 feet in a matter of hours (by plane or car), and stay there—or worse, go higher. Recovery from HAPE is normally a total return to the old self, though any occurrence may denote a propensity for HAPE.
High-altitude cerebral edema (HACE) is as scary and deadly as HAPE. HACE is a progression of severe AMS and is caused by excessive water swelling the brain. As cells dilate in a desperate effort to absorb more oxygen, the brain gets waterlogged. By the time your body is taking these extreme measures, it may be too late. HACE is characterized by severe confusion, inability to speak or function, inability to move, numbness or weakness on one side of the body, severe nausea, and severe headache. HACE shuts down a body at a terrifying rate: unconsciousness, coma, and death are the inevitable outcomes of untreated cases. Descent is imperative, and medical attention must be found for the victim. Even with treatment, permanent neurological damage may result. This is a rare condition for Colorado’s modest heights, but people have died from HACE at as low as 10,000 feet. Don’t be scared of it, but be aware of it.
The X-Factor at Altitude: Psychological Strength
Performing well at altitude is not all in the legs and lungs. One’s mental state can enhance or impede the experience of being at high elevations. Hikers who are relaxed, strong, confident, happy, and positive experience few problems at altitude—and when trouble does occur, they calmly deal with it. Part of this comes from knowing one’s body and how it reacts: experience in the mountains is a big plus. Fear, anger, and apprehension increase the body’s overall stress level and can actually accelerate and magnify the symptoms of AMS (or even induce “phantom” symptoms such as migraines, nausea, or weakness). Because emotions are extremely personal and affect us in very individual ways, there’s no way to universally prescribe how one should balance the competing needs of the body, the mind, and the psyche when making decisions. A few things to consider:
Highly emotional people are likely to have difficulty finding the balance between smart hiking and overthinking things. Hiking partners can make or break a day in the mountains. My advice: When you find a good hiking partner, hold onto ’em for life!
Whenever an unexpected stressor (bad weather, irritable companions, exposure, and so on) happens, I take five slow, deep breaths. It sounds corny, but it helps me center my mind and focus on what needs to be done.
Though we often escape to the mountains to clear our heads, burdening and troublesome thoughts may make it difficult to perform well at altitude. High-altitude hiking, scrambling, and climbing require an elevated state of concentration, which is sometimes a pleasant distraction from these issues. Some days, however, even the mountains can’t purge these thoughts. Don’t feel bad if you miss a summit because of a heavy heart; it happens to the best of us.
For some people, the mental side of hiking isn’t an issue. For other more sensitive souls, a bad experience can make the prospect of returning to altitude an intimidating invitation. Take this into consideration when assessing why a hiking partner feels bad: sometimes a good joke or an encouraging comment can take the edge off and make reaching the summit that much easier.
Fitness and Altitude
Research on fitness and altitude is a mixed bag. Some sources insist that fitness has nothing to do with altitude sickness, though all agree obesity seems to be a catalyst for AMS. Fitness levels seem to have no impact on involuntary adjustments, so in a technical sense, it may be genetics or nutrition (or both) that determine the rate of acclimatization. That being said, stronger legs and lungs are undoubtedly a boon at altitude. Powerful muscles and leaner bodies will exert themselves less, thereby decelerating the effects brought on by tough physical efforts. Add in the psychological edge of knowing your body is mountain ready, and it’s safe to say that fitness does play a part in adapting to altitude. The key for a newcomer to altitude is to keep a moderate pace, hydrate properly, and don’t be a hero. Once you are adjusted, you can try all the pushups you want on the top of your favorite 14er. In the meantime, give your body the time it needs to adjust—no matter if you exercise infrequently or are an Olympic marathon runner.
Sleeping at Altitude
Oh, sweet sleep, how elusive you can be for those who seek slumber on high! A person’s body continues to adjust to altitude, even if they’re completely tuckered out. Even the most worn-out backcountry traveler may find sleep hard to come by. An increased rate of respiration inhibits deep sleep and promotes snoring—just ask your beleaguered tentmate. Also, having to urinate more will wake you from a sound sleep, often several times a night. In addition, you may feel your heart pounding for no good reason; other times you may feel as though you are suffocating for no reason. The strange, sometimes scary, irregular patterns of a companion’s breathing may also keep you awake. An odd breathing cadence, known as periodic breathing, is normal at high altitudes and in most cases is nothing to worry about.
“Camp low, and climb high” is a good motto when acclimating.
It is my experience not to rely on prescription drugs—your body will naturally adjust and, perhaps, as is the case with muscle memory, get the knack of acclimating for the next time you visit high altitudes (this is a common belief among Russian mountaineers).
The key to good sleep: Climb high, and sleep low. Don’t attempt to sleep at elevations over 10,000 feet if you have just arrived from low elevation. Only increase sleeping elevation by 1,000 feet per night, once over 10,000 feet. Avoid caffeine and sugars before bed. As tempting as they may be, do not take sleeping pills. Over-the-counter pills decrease the rate of respiration and are detrimental to proper acclimatization. When you do fall asleep, you may have what the Sherpas of the Himalaya call the “sleep of the dead,” a dreamless passing of time. More common are brief, incredibly vivid or erotic dreams, thought to be a result of rapid eye movement sleep while your body stays in a near-waking condition. Remember, a good night’s sleep is essential to good performance in the mountains. You can get away with a day or two of bad sleep, but once your body is more comfortable at altitude, make the time to get a good night’s rest.
Prevention and Treatment of Altitude Sickness
The golden rule for treatment of altitude-related illnesses: descend, descend, descend! In Colorado, a difference of 1,500–2,500 feet will usually alleviate any symptoms of AMS. If HAPE or HACE is present, descend as low as you possibly can. (For people living in high-altitude places such as Leadville—elevation, 10,000 feet—this may require leaving town.)
For mild cases, ibuprofen, acetaminophen, and aspirin can help relieve discomfort without having to descend. Antacids and Pepto-Bismol can help settle queasy and gassy stomachs. Energy drinks such as Gatorade and Cytomax can help prevent dehydration and restore sugars and electrolytes to the body.
Preventing altitude sickness is easier said than done. Ascend slowly and don’t overexert yourself. Out-of-towners should spend at least one to two full days above 8,000 feet before heading out to the peaks in this book. Locals in Colorado may be able to ascend and descend quickly enough to avoid any ill effects of altitude. Day hikes taken at a reasonable pace are often easier on the body than forcing a night’s sleep at altitude. And one last axiom: Never take a headache higher.
It is my experience not to rely on prescription drugs—your body will naturally adjust and, perhaps, as is the case with muscle memory, get the knack of acclimating for the next time you visit high altitudes (this is a common belief among Russian mountaineers). However, for those pressed for time or hoping to bag that one special summit, there are some doctor-prescribed options.
Drugs for Altitude Adaptation
Always consult your doctor before trying prescription drugs. The medicines used for altitude adjustments affect the heart, blood vessels, and respiratory systems. Never “borrow” a friend’s prescription unless the situation is life or death (HAPE or HACE, for example).
Acetazolamide is more commonly known by the brand name Diamox. It is taken to ward off mild to moderate AMS and to help facilitate sleep at altitude. Basically, this medicine helps the body balance pH levels in the blood that can help regulate respiration and aid in acclimatization. Acetazolamide is taken in advance of heading to altitude as well as while one is there; it may also be taken if AMS becomes apparent. In that sense, it is both a preventative and a cure. While it may not be useful in cases of severe AMS, it should be taken nonetheless to reduce the work the body has to do to get back to normal. For those coming to Colorado from lower elevations, acetazolamide is a good option that has proven to work well, especially at elevations of 12,000–14,000 feet.
Dexamethasone is a steroid that is usually reserved for severe cases of AMS and HACE. It is often carried by mountain guides for use in emergency situations. If you are heading to the remote backcountry for a number of days with unproven or weaker companions, it may be wise to take along “dex” (available by prescription only) in case of extreme emergencies.
If the thin air doesn’t take your breath away, the cold water might!
Nifedipine is used specifically to curb the affects of HAPE. This drug is rarely seen in Colorado, though it may be advised for hikers who have had previous bouts of HAPE at altitudes up to 14,000 feet.
Use of narcotics of any kind should absolutely be avoided. Speaking frankly, marijuana should never be used at altitude—besides impairing judgment, marijuana decreases respiration and can actually promote or worsen AMS.
There are other drugs prescribed for those with specific conditions, including issues with vision, digestion, or prior illnesses. The scope of this book does not cover individual cases—consult your doctor.
What the Locals Know: Eight Tips for You and Your Out-of-Town Friends
1) Even if your friend is a superman or superwoman back home, don’t push them too hard at altitude. Chances are they won’t let on how tired they are. Be tactful and make it seem like you are the one who needs the rest, extra drink, or snack break.
2) Pay attention to your friend’s moods. A jovial pal who becomes quiet may be starting to feel lousy. Don’t take an angry or edgy friend too personally; acclimatization can make anyone grumpy.
3) Ibuprofen is a good preventative for altitude sickness, for those who rarely hike or who may be trying a difficult climb in Colorado.
4) Offer to carry a little extra weight (or do so without your friend’s knowledge).
5) Never downplay the accomplishment of climbing a Colorado mountain. It may be easy for you, but it may be a life-changing experience for your friend.
6) Likewise, if a friend gets sick, don’t make them feel bad about it. As soon as it’s apparent that going down is the best idea, concentrate on their well-being and try to get their mind on other things. Remind them that altitude sickness isn’t a sign of weakness; it’s a sign of too little oxygen.
7) Offer to take photos for your pal. Not only is it cool for your friend to see him- or herself on top of a mountain, it’s one less thing they have to worry about if they are struggling with the thin air.
8) And one from personal experience: Don’t ask them if they are OK 700 times on a single hike. They may be fine, and your insistent questioning may make them think they aren’t. Most people will let you know if they aren’t doing well, either by subtle hints or outright saying so.
Dogs at Altitude
Because animals are infinitely tougher than humans, it would be hard to tell if your dog was feeling bad at altitude. In general, dogs seem to be barely affected at altitude—many can be seen joyfully running up to the summits of Colorado’s highest peaks. It’s important to keep dogs hydrated and, of course, to keep an eye on their demeanor. If they become lethargic or struggle to keep up, it may be a good time to turn around. They aren’t immune to altitude, but they are naturally better equipped to deal with it.
The Bierstadt Incident: A Personal Tale of Altitude Woe
Even though I’ve done extensive climbing over 14,000 feet, my one—and hopefully only—instance of mild AMS happened in Colorado. I was 22 at the time and chock-full of bravado. I had always fared well at altitude, so after spending more than three weeks at sea level in Maine, I figured that I’d be fine to go directly from my red-eye flight into the mountains. No problem.
I picked a mountain that has an easy standard route: 14,060-foot Mount Bierstadt. I made my first bad decision before even getting on the mountain. Instead of taking the easier standard route, I intended to climb an alternate way that started at 13,000-plus feet from the Mount Evans Road. It dropped down a gully, crossed a basin, and then ascended the mountain. My entire day would be spent over 12,500 feet.
It was indeed a fun route, well within my ability, and I felt fine until I was about 300 vertical feet from the summit. I felt my whole body go shaky and I became nauseous. I lost sensation in my fingertips and got very dizzy. I yelled to my hiking partner (who was about 50 feet from the summit) that I was going down. At the time, I felt he could have summited without me and then caught up with me on the way down; he decided to abandon the top and help me down.
We dropped into the low basin and I still felt OK; not great, but I was moving under my own power. Unfortunately, I had to climb 1,000 feet uphill via a loose gully to reach the truck. The turning point was when I tried to eat a handful of totally unappetizing imitation M&Ms. I threw up at the smell of them, and I bonked.
The hike up was no picnic; waves of nausea and spinning black fuzz in my peripheral vision enervated my every step. By the time I topped out of the gully, I had been dry heaving for over an hour and didn’t have the strength to walk across a flat section to the truck. My hiking partner (who had already taken my backpack) went to the truck, dropped off the packs, and returned to piggyback me to the parking area. Grateful, but still feeling awful, I fell asleep on the drive home. When I awoke an hour or two later, I was back in Boulder and I felt fine. Not even a hint of the breakdown that previously incapacitated me was present.
I had learned my lesson. Even strong climbers need to respect altitude! From that day on, I was more aware of my body and took the time to reintroduce myself to altitude after visits to sea level. It was a rough lesson to learn (and it was only moderate AMS), but I’m a much wiser hiker, having learned it firsthand.
Weather: The Wild World above the Mountains
If one needs to be assured that mountain environments are untamed, simply look to the sky. Mountain weather is a powerful element of backcountry travel that must be respected. Predicting weather at high altitude is a difficult science. The factors that contribute to storms may not be evident until the clouds are already forming. This isn’t to say that mountain weather is completely random. Storm trends tend to be good heralds of what to expect in a given mountain range or at a specific time of the year. While clouds can build up quickly, how they do so can offer clues to the oncoming weather.
(Note: If you want to be a storm expert, see Appendix D for more comprehensive resources on mountain weather.)
Why So Many Storms? How Mountain Weather Builds
From late spring to mid-autumn (prime hiking season), afternoon storms should be expected to roll in between 1 p.m. and 4 p.m. every day. Storms and lightning are daily threats during this time because of the temperature variations from night to day and the available moisture present. Nights are cool and promote condensation of water vapor in the air; after sunrise, heat from the sun initiates evaporation. As hot and cool air collide, electricity forms in the condensed clouds and continues to build throughout the day. At the hottest part of the day (often around 2–3 p.m. in the high country), the balance is tipped, and the storms unleash brief but formidable torrents of rain, sleet, snow, and hail.
If no larger fronts have been forecast, these storms usually run their course by late afternoon. Be warned: These storms often display the violent power of lightning, making exposed travel above tree line especially dangerous.
General Weather Advice
The proven best advice for safe hiking in Colorado: Start early! Beginning your hikes in the early morning (and in some cases, predawn) will ensure that you are back into the safety of tree line if storms hit. For hikes in this book, consider the estimated time and distance along with your own pace to formulate the best time to start, summit, and finish a hike. Being off summits by 11:30 a.m. or earlier is a good guideline. As you get better at reading weather, you’ll be better able to tell if you can push it back a little later. As a side note, with almost all hikes, if I can’t be on the trail by 8:30 a.m. at the latest, I’ll change the summit from a goal to an optional bonus.
I’m not a big fan of dawdling on summits unless the weather is near perfect. Some people like to snack, nap, or recharge on top of mountains—even when storms are looming. If you have gotten a later-than-expected summit, snap a few pictures, and then descend to a safer locale to eat and rest—preferably in tree line.
You can use the children’s rule of counting the time between lightning and thunder to determine storm distance: count the seconds between the sight of lightning and the crash of thunder and divide it by five; for example, a five-second count means that the storm is 1 mile away. Continue to count successive flashes and booms. If the time decreases, the storm is drawing near. If the time increases, the storm is moving away.
If you wake up the morning of a hike socked in by fog, it isn’t necessarily a reason to call off the hike. If a cold front has moved in, it may rain and be foggy, but it can also ward off thunderstorms. If you are good at navigating in these conditions, it’s worth giving it a try, but be warned: you run the risk of having storms build and having no real way of seeing them coming until that first flash and boom.
If you can feel or see electricity in your hair, the storm is forming right above you. This is an especially dangerous situation—if you’re this close to the storm, it’s advisable to drop metal items—such as hiking poles, snowshoes, ice axes, and so on—and recover them later.
Local forecasts are good general indicators, but they do not apply to the variable conditions at elevation. The following sections discuss such conditions in greater detail.
Be prepared for bad weather. I bring a sturdy Gore-Tex shell and light rain pants on every hike, even when the weather looks clear.
Reading the Clouds
Many of Colorado’s days start off sunny and clear, often with a small smattering of clouds harmlessly hanging in the sky. As the sun begins to heat up the atmosphere, radiation and wind cause moisture to evaporate and rise. Air becomes less dense as it warms, creating lower air pressure—the perfect canvas for storms. Moisture that rises with the warm air eventually cools and forms clouds.
Be very wary of cumulus clouds if they begin to have dark, flattened bottoms and start to grow into towering pillars that reach high into the sky. A wise safety rule: When puffy white clouds begin to turn an angry shade of gray, it’s a good time to assess your position on the mountain.
The clouds that form over the course of a typical Colorado day can cue you into developing weather. Cumulus clouds look like puffy, cottony towers that initially form as individual mounds. Their presence indicates that the cycle of weather has been set in motion, with moisture cooling on high. As long as they remain spaced out and their bottoms remain fluffy and white, you are in no immediate danger. When cumulus clouds begin to build and fuse together, the sky will become dense, with individual clouds being less distinct.
Be very wary of cumulus clouds if they begin to have dark, flattened bottoms and start to grow into towering pillars that reach high into the sky. When this happens, cumulus clouds transform into cumulonimbus clouds, which most people recognize as thunderheads. These powerful clouds are the bringers of lightning, rain, snow, thunder, and hail—it is very important to pay attention to cumulonimbus clouds, especially if it is after noon. A wise safety rule: When puffy white clouds begin to turn an angry shade of gray, it’s a good time to assess your position on the mountain—cumulus clouds can build very quickly, forming storms from clear skies in less than an hour.
Other clouds you may see in Colorado include:
Stratocumulus clouds resemble darkened cumulus clouds lumped together. Unlike the epic, storm-nurturing cumulonimbus, stratocumulus clouds indicate a cold front and precipitation, often free of lightning and thunder (but not always). These clouds are common in winter and during colder days.
Lenticular clouds are the sleek, smooth clouds that arc like the bubbles in a lava lamp. These high-altitude clouds are indicators of strong winds and changing fronts; they often precede bad weather, which will generally arrive within 48 hours.
Nimbostratus clouds form a uniform, gray cloud cover below 8,000 feet that creates fog and rain. It is often possible to climb above these moisture-laden systems to clear weather above.
Cirrocumulus clouds are wispy, white, distant clouds that often form in flat sheets (such as the mackerel sky). These high-altitude dwellers form above 20,000 feet and are stabilizing clouds, meaning they carry no precipitation.
Similar in form to cirrocumulus clouds are altocumulus clouds, which form from 8,000 to 20,000 feet. Altocumulus clouds have the same globular, wavy appearance as cirrocumulus clouds, but the white is interwoven with darker gray patches, indicating an oncoming cold front and potential storms later in the day.
Barometers Many people who venture into the outdoors have barometers built into their watches, GPS units, or other electronics. Barometers measure atmospheric pressure; as a general rule, lower atmospheric pressure indicates bad weather, while higher pressure is a sign of clearing weather. Keep in mind that atmospheric pressure drops as you ascend, even on the clearest of days. I’ve learned to pay close attention to the fluctuations in my barometer when sketchy weather begins to blow in—a fast drop in pressure nearly always means storms are coming. Barometers aren’t perfect in predicting storms, but they do give you one more clue in predicting mountain weather.
Lightning Pressing your tongue against the terminals of a standard nine-volt battery creates a mildly uncomfortable shock that indicates how much charge is left in the battery. Multiply that voltage roughly 5,555 times and you have the power behind a normal lightning bolt! Anyone who has ever been caught in one of Colorado’s brief but violent storms knows the fearful helplessness one feels when at the mercy of such a powerful and unpredictable adversary.
Lightning travels far too fast for a person to outrun and may strike several miles away from the visible center of a storm, even under clear blue skies. Many people only think about the most obvious danger from lightning: getting hit by a thunderbolt. While a direct strike is the worst thing that can happen, it’s not the only threat. Splash strikes occur when lightning jumps from the initial strike target to surrounding areas. Ground strikes (or step voltage) hit the hiker from below as lightning dissipates into the surrounding ground. Contact strikes occur when a person is holding something that absorbs a direct strike, such as an ice ax or tent pole. Finally, shock wave strikes happen when a nearby bolt is powerful enough to generate a shock wave that can easily knock a large man off his feet.
Safety in Lightning Storms
Obviously, avoiding storms is the best practice in the mountains. Weather forecasts should always be referenced before heading out. However, even the most prepared and knowledgeable hiker can be caught in fast-building storms. I’ve seen storms metastasize from clear blue skies directly overhead in less than 15 minutes (and at all times of the day).
If you are caught in a storm, stay calm. You must assess the danger quickly and act accordingly. Storms don’t give you time to factor in all the variables: if you need to seek shelter, it must be done without hesitation. Following are a few rules for finding relatively safe places in lightning storms:
Stay away from water, including the faux safety in gullies and streambeds.
Always try to get as low as safely possible, hopefully back into tree line or the lowest areas in open meadows. Never stand under trees in open areas—keep moving to safer areas.
Immediately get off summits and ridges, even if it means diverting to an off-trail pocket of safety.
If you smell, hear, or feel electricity in the air (examples: your hair stands up or your snowshoes start to hum), move down quickly! Even if your lungs are burning, move as fast as you can to safer places. Sometimes you have to suck up the pain and just keep moving.
Space out a minimum of 60 feet from your companions (think of this as the distance between a pitcher and catcher on a baseball field). If one member should get injured by lightning, maintaining this distance will keep other party members from being hurt.
Stay away from metal objects such as hiking poles, ice axes, and climbing gear. Tent poles are especially dangerous—if you are stuck in your tent, make sure that you are not in contact with the poles and you are insulated from the ground on a foam pad or backpack.
If you are stuck in the storm with nowhere to go, assume the safety position. Sit on a backpack or foam pad to protect yourself from ground-traveling electricity. Crouch down, but do not lie down (the idea is to minimize your surface area with the ground). If in the heart of a storm, sit on your pack and pull your knees close to you. Interlock your hands and put them over your head, resting your elbows on your knees. This last resort is known as the “Oh, s***!” position in most circles. Should lighting strike, it will course through your hands and into your legs, terminating in the ground. It sounds painful, but this position channels electricity through your body without it coursing through your vital organs. Lightning is especially prone to exit through the eyes or ears … not pretty stuff. For additional safety, feel free to consult the god of your choice while in this posture.
The best shelter can be found in low-lying shrubs or trees. Avoid the highest patches or trees, and assume the crouched position while sitting on a backpack or foam pad. Stay a safe distance from companions. Pay attention to the progress of the storm and wait until it has passed for at least 20 minutes to proceed up or down.
Caves obviously make great shelters, but be wary of “spark plug gaps” (gapped rocks that have an exposed or open top). These gaps actually attract lightning—look for better shelter if you can.
Avoid ridges when storms are brewing.
Lightning Strike First Aid
In the awful instance a companion is struck by lightning, it is imperative to act quickly. A body hit by lightning is not holding an electrical charge, so it will be safe to touch them. Any type of strike will often induce cardiopulmonary arrest—quickly check the ABCs of first aid: airway, breathing, and circulation. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) should be performed if the victim has stopped breathing or has no pulse. CPR is an invaluable technique that should be known by anyone heading into the backcountry.
In a case of a “light” strike, in which the victim does not lose consciousness or vital functions, there will still be extensive burning that may not show up for many hours after the initial injury. Any tangle with lightning requires an immediate exit from the mountain and a visit to a hospital or medical facility. Call for help if possible, and evacuate the victim from the area as soon as you can.
Weather Trends by Season
Weather can blow in from any direction, any time of the year. I’ve seen lightning in January, snow in July, and hail on 80°F days. While anything is possible, there are some general patterns Colorado weather follows each season. These patterns can help you assess weather trends and make an informed decision when field forecasting.
Spring conditions (March–early to mid-June) Spring weather is often cool, bright, and free of thunderstorms. Days start cold and only warm up slightly, making early spring less prone to lightning storms. A bigger threat in spring is the danger of avalanche and rotten snowpack. As the sun heats up the snow, cornices become especially vulnerable to breaking off and triggering snowslides. Hiking conditions in spring often require winter mountaineering gear such as crampons, ice axes, helmets, and ropes. This is also the ideal time to attempt couloirs and other steep snow routes, depending on the stability of the snowpack. Late spring is a great time to hike, as many of the mountain flowers and trees are in bloom.
Start early (predawn on longer hikes) and be off summits by 11:30 a.m. There are only a few multiday storm fronts that hit Colorado each summer, so you should have a weather window most mornings to reach your summit.
Summer conditions (mid-June–September) Summer is the season of storms—but also of the best mountainside conditions. Nearly every day is punctuated by thunderstorms that roll in from approximately 1–4 p.m. Trails will be clear of most snow and the days are long. Start early (predawn on longer hikes) and be off summits by 11:30 a.m. There are only a few multiday storm fronts that hit Colorado each summer, so you should have a weather window most mornings to reach your summit. Night hiking is also a nice option in the summer.
Autumn conditions (late September–late October) Autumn is a very brief season in Colorado. As the weather cools off, storms become less common. Another benefit of cool air: It does wonders to keep a hard-working hiker from overheating. Beautiful colors emerge in the foliage during this season. There is less daylight and a better potential of snow (and of the rare but dreaded snow-thunderstorm). Autumn is perhaps Colorado’s most enjoyable and safest time of the year to climb mountains.
Winter conditions (late October–March) Winter in Colorado is a beautiful and dangerous world. Summits are hard-fought prizes that require in-depth mountaineering experience to attain. Trailheads often require a monumental effort to reach. The skills required for winter conditions take years to develop and demand a hearty constitution. Avalanches, hypothermia, frostbite, and fatigue are constant threats. Personally, I love winter adventures, but they must be undertaken with caution and courage. This book mentions a few good starter peaks for winter hiking in Appendix A. For those robust enough to challenge the outdoors in the harsh months, a unique and hidden world is yours to discover.
General First Aid
Mountains in Colorado, even the “easy” ones, are rife with natural booby traps and hidden hazards. Seemingly stable talus fields roll under your feet when you least expect it; solid-looking snow patches will swallow your legs in shin-bruising postholes; rocks will careen down from above like Randy Johnson fastballs. Bumps and bruises are part of the game in the mountains. Minimizing your risks and beefing up your knowledge in case of injury are important factors to safely enjoying the mountains.
Note: This overview is not a substitution for outdoors-related first-aid training. I would highly recommend all backcountry hikers take a wilderness first-aid course and be certified in CPR.
Blisters
Nothing ruins a good hike quite like painful blisters (or a hiking companion who won’t shut up about their blisters). Ill-fitting boots are the primary blister-causing culprits, especially new boots that have not been properly broken in. It’s a good idea to wear your new boots around town before setting out into the backcountry. Leather boots in particular require a suitable break-in time to mold to the shape of your foot.
Water and moisture also play a role in blister formation. When feet are wet, the skin is softer and easier to blister. Bulky or bunched socks can cause friction blisters. Irritants such as pebbles, twigs, or debris in your boots can also be to blame.
Blister prevention starts with well-fitting boots. The toes should be a little less than half an inch from the end of the boot. Many blisters occur in boots that are too loose or improperly laced during descents. A single-layer, lightweight noncotton sock (such as Smartwool light hiking socks) helps keep feet cool and dry. Wool and wool-synthetic blends will wick moisture away from the feet. Cotton acts like a sponge, keeping moisture in the fibers and against the skin. I like to bring an extra pair of socks and a small towel in case I splash into an unexpected puddle. For hikes where there will be river crossings, I make sure to bring sandals or water shoes so my boots don’t get soaked. For swampy or muddy hikes, a pair of Gore-Tex (or similar waterproof material) gaiters will prevent water/rain from seeping in above the top of your boots. If you are prone to blisters in a specific spot on your foot, adding a piece of moleskin or Molefoam can prevent abrasion before it generates a blister.
Blister treatment should be administered at the first sign of discomfort. Most blisters start off as hot spots, which are pink or red disks of irritation on the skin. Applying moleskin or waterproof, plastic tape can ward off blister formation. Avoid using Band-Aids, as the non-adhesive part of the bandage will continue to rub against the skin. If a blister has already developed, do not pop or drain it. Ruptured blisters are breeding grounds for infection. Keep the blister intact; as long as it is not punctured, you will not risk infection. Cut a small circle out of moleskin and pad the area around the blister, leaving the actual blister exposed but below the level of the moleskin material (in other words, make the blister the middle of a moleskin doughnut). Tape the moleskin in place (covering the blister hole if you wish) with medical tape.
Only if the blister has already ruptured or is too large to comfortably continue hiking should you try to drain it. This should be a last resort. Clean the area thoroughly. Heat a needle with a match or stove flame to sterilize it. Once you have done so, poke a small hole in the bottom of the blister and gently squeeze the fluid out, top to bottom. Immediately clean the wound and apply a sterile pad. Wash the area out several times a day to ward off infection.
Dehydration/Overhydration
Dehydration is the most common ailment suffered in the mountains. Because hikers often don’t drink until they feel thirsty, dehydration may not be apparent until the individual feels excessively tired or cranky. It is important to drink before a hike—about 8–10 ounces—and continue to drink roughly 8 ounces every half hour.
Dehydration is a catalyst for other more serious problems, such as cramping, hypothermia, and AMS. Signs of dehydration include a loss of energy, dark urine, and moodiness. A well-hydrated hiker should urinate frequently in the mountains, and the liquid should be clear and copious.
Sports drinks such as Gatorade, Cytomax, and Endurox will help replace salts and electrolytes; adding in a mildly salty snack such as pretzels or nuts can help replace salts, which in turn help the body process water. (Electrolytes are electrically conductive ions that help balance fluid levels on the cellular level in the body. This not only means feeding the cells water but also preventing overhydration.)
I like to bring 70–100 ounces of water in a hydration pack along with 32 ounces of Gatorade when I hike. I sip from the hydration pack all day and enjoy the Gatorade as a treat on layer breaks, summits, or snack breaks.
Overhydration is rare but something to look out for. Humans cannot process much more than 1 liter (32 ounces) of water per hour; excess water will usually be filtered out through the body. This process can dilute the nutritional absorption of food in the intestines. In other words, if you are dehydrated, there is no need to chug two bottles of water in five minutes; 8–16 ounces will be adequate. In extreme cases (usually during marathons or other high-endurance sports) water intoxication can occur. For most hikers, this isn’t a threat.
Hypothermia
Hypothermia is a dangerous condition that results from a loss of body heat to the extent that core temperatures fall below 95°F. Prolonged exposure to wind, rain, snow, and chilly temps can bring about hypothermia. Many cases of hypothermia occur on rainy days, when the temperatures can be anywhere between 35°F and 55°F—so this is not just a winter weather malady.
Dehydration can speed up the onset of hypothermia. The initial signs of mild hypothermia include uncontrollable shivering, loss of coordination, and change in mood. Hypothermic hikers may not be able to zipper a coat or put on gloves, and they may not realize where they are. In their confusion, hypothermic victims may insist on continuing to hike or will agree to wait for other members of the party. Never leave a hiker who you suspect is hypothermic alone. In severe cases, the victim may become completely disoriented and collapse, unconscious. If core temperatures continue to drop, the victim may lapse into a coma, which can cause permanent damage or death.
Storm-free days are a reason to celebrate in Colorado.
Hypothermia must be assessed and dealt with immediately. First priority is to get the victim out of wet clothes and, if possible, out of the wind and weather. Often, layers of dry clothing, adequate shelter, and warmer settings will be enough to reverse mild hypothermia. The victim should consume liquids, preferably those with a sugar base. The liquid does not need to be heated, though a warm mug may feel good in the person’s hands. The important thing is to get water into the body. If camping, get the victim into a sleeping bag and heat up water in watertight bottles to place in the bag. In an emergency, body-to-body contact will help, but care must be taken that it doesn’t chill the person helping to a state of hypothermia. Warming should be done gradually.
Remember, hypothermia affects judgment and coordination—do not climb higher until you and your partner are certain the effects are gone. On a personal note, I once got mild hypothermia on a 60°F, sunny and windy day, thanks to a very steep snow slope and a poorly wicking first layer (which was brand-new). My hiking partner noticed that I was shivering, and moreover, that I was complaining—which is not characteristic of me in the mountains. When I peeled off the offending layer, it was soaked with sweat. Before the condition got worse, I put on dry layers and drank Gatorade until I felt better. We finished the day without further incident, but it goes to show, hypothermia can occur in unlikely conditions.
Intestinal Ailments, Giardia, and the Importance of Water Filtration
As the body adjusts to altitude, it often produces more acids in the stomach. Most stomachaches and nausea in the mountains are a direct result of the body responding to changes in elevation. Nerves can also play a role in upset stomachs. For these instances, it is wise to bring along antacids and to avoid fatty foods and alcohol on hikes. More severe nausea that does not respond to antacids can be a sign of AMS; if these are accompanied by vomiting, head down.
Diarrhea may occur if a person is overhydrated, nervous, or experiencing mild AMS. It is important to drink enough to replace liquids in cases of diarrhea; sports drinks and salty snacks will help replenish the body’s balance. Because energy bars can be hard to digest (or enjoy) at altitude, I suggest bringing along palatable gels (I prefer chocolate Gu) to help replenish lost electrolytes and sodium.
All water in Colorado should be treated with a filter, purification tablets, or by boiling. That seemingly fresh mountain stream is prime habitat for the pesky protozoan Giardia lamblia, more commonly known as giardia. Giardia has a long incubation period, anywhere between one week and one month. Once infected, an individual will experience awful bouts of explosive diarrhea, flatulence, cramps, vomiting, and dehydration. These symptoms will settle down but still be apparent after an initial period of flulike symptoms. Giardia will continue to cause trouble until it is properly treated by a medical doctor.
Hygiene and Sanitation
Keeping clean in the outdoors can be a challenge, but staying hygienic is imperative. Good Leave No Trace practices (covered a bit more in the next section) mean you’ll have to pack out any nonbiodegradable hygiene products, but staying clean is worth it. Alcohol-based hand-cleaning gels should be used after going to the bathroom, as well as before eating any snacks or preparing meals. Keep those hands clean!
On camping trips, I always bring along baby wipes (such as Wet Ones) to keep myself clean and avoid that “crusty” feeling. These wipes have to be packed out, but they can keep your butt cleaner than wiping with leaves or snow. Women may also want to bring similar wipes for staying clean during their menstrual cycle.
Be cautious when accepting snacks or drinks from strangers; the food is probably safe, but the hands of your new friend may not be.
When brushing your teeth, bathing, or washing your hair, make sure to use eco-friendly toothpastes, soaps, and shampoos.
Sunburn/Snow Blindness
At high elevation, radiation from the sun is extra powerful and needs to be taken seriously. High in the mountains is not the place to work on your tan. Ultraviolet rays from the sun are more concentrated the closer you are to the atmosphere, causing untreated skin to burn quickly. Avoid sunburn by applying sunblock with a minimum UV rating of 15 every 90 minutes. In real life, hardly anyone keeps to this schedule while hiking. I like to use a less precise but equally effective system. I keep a small bottle of sunblock in my pocket and put it on every time I stop for snacks, to pee, or to adjust my layers of clothing. Sometimes I’ll end up putting it on three times in an hour, but it’s better than getting burnt. Keep in mind that even cloudy days shower your body with UV rays.
Although you may not have an obvious lobster-red sunburn, even a subtle burn will make sleeping difficult, keep you from hydrating (as the body is repairing the damage), and make you feel achy all over.
Wearing a wide-brimmed hat, visor, or baseball cap will help keep the sun off your face. Although you may not have an obvious lobster-red sunburn, even a subtle burn will make sleeping difficult, keep you from hydrating (as the body is repairing the damage), and make you feel achy all over. Pain relievers will help you feel better and make sleep come a little easier when a sunburn is keeping you awake. Drink enough liquids to help your body heal. Lotions will help soothe burns and relieve the infernal itching that comes with peeling sunburn.
Note that hiking on snow doubles the amount of radiation being aimed at your body. It’s not unusual to get burns on your palms, the roof of your mouth, under your chin, or other less noticeable places from reflected light. Make sure to apply sunscreen everywhere vulnerable.
Snow blindness is a painful, often debilitating condition where the cornea of the eye becomes inflamed; put simply, it is sunburn of the eyes. Once afflicted, the condition takes several days to go away. The victim will experience severe headaches, sleeplessness, and general fatigue. There’s not much one can do to expedite healing, other than staying in a dark room and keeping up a steady dose of ibuprofen. I will say this several times in this book: do not skimp on good eye protection. Make sure your glasses are large enough to cover the entire area around your eyes, including the sides and bottom. Lenses must block out 95%–100% of all UVA and UVB radiation. Prevention of snow blindness is easy; recovery is not.
Heat Exhaustion
Heat exhaustion occurs when the body works up excessive heat that it cannot effectively dissipate. Dehydration is the first symptom of heat exhaustion; most cases are triggered by exertion in hot, dry environments. A victim will have cool and clammy skin, weakness, nausea, and may even faint. In extreme cases (known as heat stroke), the pulse will be rapid and the victim may become seriously disoriented.
Cooling the victim down and providing fluids are important steps in reversing this condition. Cease any strenuous activity, and rest, preferably with the feet elevated. Work on cooling the face, head, and body. Find shelter in the shade, or set up a tent (with the doors open) to provide shade if you are above tree line. Many cases of heat exhaustion occur when there is snow on the ground; use it to your advantage to help cool the victim. Once the person feels better and can hold down liquids, assess the situation. Unless the person is feeling 100%, descend and try for your summit another day.
Frostbite
Frostbite is a painful and serious condition in which the blood vessels in the body freeze and crystallize, causing damage to body tissue and circulation. Injury from frostbite can cause permanent impairments and, in severe cases, loss of appendages. Most frostbite will occur on the nose, ears, fingers, and toes. When the body gets cold, it prioritizes the areas close to the heart, leaving body regions distant from the core vulnerable to the cold. Initial symptoms include a bluish discoloration of the skin, sharp pain, numbness, and a burning sensation. If caught in the early stages (considered frostnip), warming the injured body part will prevent further damage. Note that frostbite rarely appears without hypothermia, so make sure to treat your victim for all conditions.
Conditions change drastically once above tree line.
In severe cases, the skin will become blue or black, and hideous blisters may swell up. Never rub or try to massage frostbitten skin; this will only further damage tissue. Only a slow and painful thawing of the injury in lukewarm water will regain sensation. In these cases, evacuate the victim and seek medical attention. If the foot is severely frostbitten, do not attempt to thaw it in the field; once rewarmed, it will be too painful to walk on.
Note that women are more prone to frostbite than men. Poor circulation, diabetes, or overly tight clothing and footwear can also promote frostbite. Alcohol should also be avoided in cold conditions, as it can dehydrate a body and make the limbs less sensitive to the warning signs of frostbite as it develops.
Fractures, Sprains, and Broken Bones
Twisted ankles and sprained wrists are among the most common injuries in the mountains. Any swollen or bruised limb should be tended to immediately. SAM splints (soft aluminum splints lined with foam) or inflatable splints are lightweight and can be used to set and immobilize injuries. In a pinch, you can use hiking poles, sleeping pads, or an ice ax to set an injured limb. Anti-inflammatory medicines should be taken by the injured hiker, and evacuation should begin as soon as possible.
Shock
Shock occurs whenever the body experiences a sudden loss of blood pressure. Normally, blood loss from an injury causes this sensation, but people can incur shock (in the medical term) from witnessing a disturbing event or from sheer panic. Loss of blood pressure can disrupt the circulatory system and, if prolonged, can cause permanent damage to vital organs or death. A victim of shock may display any of the following symptoms: confusion, rapid pulse, clammy skin, dull or distant eyes, and rapid breathing. Additionally, the victim may feel nauseous, weak, and frightened. If shock occurs, do everything you can to keep the person warm. If they are conscious, provide liquids. Talk to the victims and reassure them that they are not alone. Be calm and help ease them by tactfully apprising them of the situation. Seek medical attention if victims experience shock—and always in the case of blood loss.
Panic
Mountains can be intimidating places, and for good reasons. No matter how experienced the hiker, the bottom line is that Mother Nature holds the trump card when it comes to control. Storms, stress, exposure to heights, witnessing an accident, or unexpected illnesses can induce panic. A panicked individual can “lock up,” both physically and mentally. Fear can literally make one weak in the knees and impair balance and judgment, often in the places where concentration and focus are imperative. If you begin to panic, focus on taking at least five deep breaths. Remember, your body is reacting to a perceived risk—one that must be dealt with using logical thought. If you are on tricky terrain, breathe deeply and flex your fingers slowly a few times—assure your body that your mind still has control. Figure out your safest option and follow through with confidence. This advice is easy to dispense from the comfort of my warm office, but it’s a bit more difficult to execute in the heat of the moment. My own experience has been that when you control your breathing, you control your mind, and thus control your body.
If you are with companions who begin to panic, talk to them calmly and reassure them of their options in simple, supportive language. Offer suggestions in a positive tone. Once the moment of panic is over (for example, a tricky move has been accomplished), continue to be reassuring and positive. Panic is one of those ailments that is really all in the head—which proves that mountain climbing is just as much about mental strength as it is powerful legs and lungs.
Suggested First-Aid Kit
Every hiker should carry an individual first-aid kit. In addition, groups heading into the backcountry should also carry a group kit with extra supplies or individual-specific drugs. Keep in mind that preexisting conditions should be known before heading into the backcountry and appropriate medical treatments should be included in your kit. Here is sample list of what every basic first-aid kit should have:
Adhesive bandages (Band-Aids or similar brand): Minimum of 10 standard 1-inch bandages
Butterfly bandages: to serve as temporary stitches for minor wounds
Sterile pads: at least two medium and two large pads for larger wounds
Antibiotic ointment packets or tubes (Neosporin or similar brand): to help wounds heal
Roller bandages: to wrap around wounds and hold dressings in place
Medical tape: to secure dressings or to tape up fingers and hands when climbing
Moleskin: used to pad blisters or as a blister preventative
Alcohol pads: used to clean small wounds. For large wounds, use soap and water with a syringe (alcohol will damage exposed tissues). Make sure to replace these pads in your kit every six months, as they can dry out even when left in the package.
Iodine: used as antiseptic to clean out wounds
Thermometer: used to gauge body temperature
Medical scissors: used to cut medical tape or dressings
Aspirin: used as a painkiller and also as a blood thinner (which may help with altitude adjustment). Avoid giving aspirin to children; instead administer acetaminophen-based pain relievers such as Tylenol.
Ibuprofen: good old “vitamin I.” Ibuprofen is an anti-inflammatory that is available under brand names such as Advil, Motrin, and Nuprin.
Sugar packets or sugar candies: used for low blood sugar, notably when diabetes is present
Elastic bandage (Ace or similar brand): used to compress sprains or similar injuries
Sanitary pads: not only useful for female hygiene, but they also serve to absorb blood in larger wounds
Rubber gloves: used to prevent infection from body fluids or wounds
Sterile tweezers: used to remove debris, slivers, ticks, or glass from skin
Syringe: used to wash out wounds
Safety pins: various uses, including holding dressings in place
Resealable plastic bags (Ziploc or similar brand): used to pack out contaminated materials
Foam-lined aluminum splint (SAM or similar brand): used to mobilize a broken or fractured limb
Antacids (Tums or similar products): used to neutralize stomach acids
Laxatives: used to help with bowel movements
Pen and paper to record accident vitals
Besides these things, I keep a small LED light in my first-aid kit; these lights are inexpensive and can come in handy when fumbling through your kit at night. Make sure you get one that doesn’t require squeezing to light up—it’s hard to dress a wound while keeping a squeeze light on. I keep two packets of energy gels for instances when a body needs fast, easy-to-digest energy. I bring an emergency reflective blanket to keep myself or a victim warm. I also leave two to four extra batteries of the appropriate size to fit my headlamps or GPS units in my first-aid kit.
A few other items to consider:
Sunscreen
Lip balm with sunblock (such as ChapStick)
Hand warmers
CPR mask/shield
Small backup knife or multitool (such as a Leatherman)
People who have allergies to bee stings should carry epinephrine pens, which are available through your doctor. Other prescriptions drugs such as Diamox (to deal with altitude) should be acquired as needed from your doctor. Note that sleeping pills are not tolerated well at altitude and should be avoided.
Nutrition: Eating Smart
Most outings into the mountains will take several hours, so you’ll need an extended form of energy to perform well throughout the day. Carbohydrates are vital for extended energy, while simple sugars can give you a boost of short-term energy. Fatty foods are difficult for the body to digest and should be avoided at altitude. Snacks should be eaten throughout the day to keep from bonking, a term usually used to describe the effects of low blood sugar or lack of fuel for the body.
What Works
Easy-to-digest foods—such as bananas, granola, nuts, dried fruits, peanut butter, and simple sandwiches on wheat/grain breads—are all good energy sources.
Eat what tastes good to you. If you like a turkey and mustard sandwich in normal life, it’s a good idea to take it on your hike with you. Palatable foods are just as important as healthy foods.
Pasta and potatoes give a good boost of carbohydrates and serve well as a meal the night before a big hike. Breads, crackers, and dried fruits (raisins, for example) are good sources of carbohydrates the day of the hike.
Breakfast can be a tricky issue for hikers. Because your body is probably not used to getting up at the early hours required to get a safe start on the trail, breakfast may be unappealing. My trick for such mornings: If I am driving to the trailhead and my stomach doesn’t feel like eating when I awake, I’ll make a point to eat a peanut butter and jelly sandwich when I am 45 minutes or so from the trailhead. Delaying breakfast gives me time to wake up and actually enjoy the food instead of forcing it down.
Fruits are always good choices at altitude. Many have natural ingredients that help active bodies; for example, bananas have high potassium levels that help ward off cramps. Besides tasting good, they are good sources of natural sugars and there is even speculation that some fruits, such as pineapple, may help bodies adjust to altitude.
What to Avoid
As previously mentioned, fatty foods are tough to digest at altitude. Most junk food won’t seem palatable at higher elevations because saturated fats and oils won’t be prioritized by your body. Not only can fatty foods make your stomach churn, but they can also slow active hikers down by providing inefficient energy sources.
Coffee is a diuretic that can promote dehydration, though the psychological boost (not to mention the caffeine) makes a cup of joe a morning ritual for many hikers. Don’t drink too much coffee on the morning of a hike. One cup should do the trick.
Alcohol is an obvious no-no during the hike, as it not only promotes dehydration but can also impair judgment. Save those celebratory beers for after the hike. In general, the effects of alcohol at altitude, both good and bad, are amplified. Consider this before partying too hard the night before a big hike—if you get a hangover, it’s going to feel twice as bad at altitude and last twice as long.
Note that you may come across delicious wild berries on your hikes. These are generally safe to eat, but it’s a good idea to wash them off with filtered water if you are unsure of their cleanliness. Remember, however, you may be doing yourself more harm than good if you rinse them off in rivers or lakes, as such water can carry giardia.
Gear
As much as I appreciate a good pair of lederhosen, I can’t blame modern hikers for outfitting themselves in more practical (if less stylish) attire. Modern mountain fashion has evolved to be both functional and fashionable. Gone are the days when your average alpinist resembled a threatening, grizzled version of Jim Henson (with fewer teeth). Advances in gear technology are a big reason why more and more people keep heading to the hills.
You don’t need to have the latest and greatest in everything to enjoy the mountains, but I highly recommend not skimping on two vital items: boots and sunglasses. Boots are going to be what physically connect you with the mountain. Because you will be on your feet for many hours, you owe it yourself to get the most comfortable and functional footwear you can. Likewise, high-quality sunglasses will keep your eyes safe in the optically hostile environment of high-altitude sunlight. As a hiker on a budget, I’m reluctant to spend big bucks on trendy new gear, but keeping my eyes and feet in top shape is worth every last dollar.
Good gear makes for happy hikers.
Footwear/Boots/Gaiters
Boots are the most important pieces of gear for hikers. Proper fit, durability, and “grippy” outsoles (the tread) are essential qualities in a good boot. Different boots perform well in different settings, though with enough time on the trail, you’ll begin to develop a penchant for a particular type of boot. Here’s a rundown of mountain footwear.
Trail Runners Pros: Trail runners are running shoes that have been beefed up to handle trail duty. These shoes are lightweight and offer a bit more foot control, thanks to their lack of bulk. Many hikers (including me) like to use trail runners on mountains where there are established trails, dry terrain, or semitechnical scrambling. Cons: Trail shoes fare poorly in snow, mud, or other wet conditions. Avoid off-trail hiking and bushwhacking in trail runners. Talus fields and rocky gullies can awkwardly twist ankles; trail runners do not provide good support on such uneven and loose terrain.
Light Hiking Boots Pros: Light hikers are the perfect all-around boot: light enough to keep your feet from getting fatigued, tough enough to stand up to burly mountain conditions. A good light hiking boot starts with a solid outsole (such as Vibram or similar rubber blends) and is flexible yet supportive. Some brands use a Gore-Tex lining to make the boot waterproof without adding excess weight. Cons: Many light hiking boots compromise on outsoles; imitation or cheap outsoles wear out quickly and slip on rocks. Look for good outsoles and you’ll be in good shape. Light hikers lack support when you’re carrying a heavy backpack, and like trail runners, they may not be adequately protective on rocky scree slopes or in snowy conditions.
Backpacking Boots Pros: Backpacking boots are obviously great when you’re lugging heavy loads; their sturdy design is intended to offer superb durability and excellent support. Traditional backpacking boots are made of hard-wearing leather, though newer models have cut off a few ounces by using ultraresilient synthetics such as Kevlar. Backpacking boots have great ankle support and are perfect for off-trail terrain as well as loose rock slopes and talus fields. Cons: Backpacking boots can be heavy, slow to dry, and tough to break in. Some hikers feel clumsy when trying to scramble or climb in bulkier boots, though climbing rock in boots is a skill that comes with practice. Ventilation is compromised, and hikers with hot feet may feel uncomfortable as their little piggies roast on long trails.
Mountaineering Boots Pros: These specialized boots are made for the harshest conditions. Most models are leather, leather blends, or plastic. They are extremely stiff and protective, thanks to sturdy shanks that reinforce the foot bed. Nearly all models have notches to accept crampons. Their rigidity is essential when climbing ice or technical snow with crampons. Plastic boots include insulated liners, and many leather boots have built-in insulation to keep feet warm. Cons: Mountaineering boots are made for snow, ice, prolonged mixed routes, and cold weather. As a result, they are very bulky, heavy, and require extended break-in periods. They are also quite expensive. These specialized boots are only required if you plan to attempt winter or early-spring ascents. Note that many backpacking boots and even some light hiking boots will accept certain crampons for basic snow travel. Ask at your local outdoors store if you’d like to try a lighter solution for simple snowfield travel.
