Читать книгу Encyclopedia of Renewable Energy - James Speight G., James G. Speight - Страница 4

1 IntroductionTable 1 Simplified categorization and nomenclature of the various energy sources...

2 Chapter 3Table A-1 Examples of the types of absorption.Table A-2 Comparison of adsorption and absorption.Table A-3 Simplified steps that represent the conversion of polysaccharide deriv...Table A-4 Common reactions in anaerobic digestion process.Table A-5 Examples of the Types and Bulk Composition of Agricultural Residues.Table A-6 Examples of crops and crop wastes.Table A-7 Properties of various agricultural residues.Table A-8 Types of renewable fuel sources and products.Table A-9 Octane number (motor method).Table A-10 Selected physical and chemical properties of methanol, ethanol, and g...Table A-11 Fuel properties of methanol and ethanol compared to the properties of...Table A-12 Properties of selected alicyclic hydrocarbon derivatives.Table A-13 Physical properties of n-paraffins.Table A-14 Physical properties of selected branched paraffins.Table A-15 Physical properties of selected olefins.Table A-16 Physical properties of n-paraffins.Table A-17 Physical properties of selected branched paraffins.Table A-18 Physical properties of selected olefins.Table A-19 Amines (olamines) used for gas processing.Table A-20 Schematic of the anaerobic digestion process.Table A-21 Summary of most common chemical reactions in the anaerobic digestion ...Table A-22 Measurement of the apparent density of materials.Table A-23 Sources of non-oceanic water and water systems.Table A-24 Common constituents of fly ash (% w/w).Table A-25 Properties of biomass and other fuel sources.Table A-26 Approximate Composition of the Atmosphere.

3 Chapter 2Table B-1 Non-basic and basic nitrogen types.Table B-2 Explanation of the baumé gravity scale.Table B-3 Biomass conversion processes.Table B-4 Composition of various oils and fats used for biodiesel production.Table B-5 Comparison of properties of biodiesel from various sources.Table B-6 Specifications for diesel and biodiesel (ASTM).Table B-7 Schematic of the catalytic transesterification process for biodiesel p...Table B-8 Examples of bioether derivatives used in fuels.Table B-9 Example of sources and use of biomass for energy products.Table B-10 General classification of biofuels.Table B-11 The composition of gas from various carbonaceous fuels.Table B-12 Energy content of various gases.Table B-13 Comparison of different biogas feedstocks.Table B-14 Major categories of biomass feedstocks.Table B-15 Sources, processing options, and uses of biomass-derived products*.Table B-16 Selected properties of representative biomass materials.Table B-17 Bulk composition of different biomass type (% w/w, dry basis).Table B-18 Elemental composition, ash production, and heat content of biomass ty...Table B-19 Composition of black liquor.Table B-20 Composition of synthesis gas from biomass gasification.Table B-21 Approximate composition of herbaceous biomass gas from different sour...Table B-22 A general flow scheme for biomass conversion by pyrolysis.Table B-23 Conversion of biomass to fuels.Table B-24 Routes to liquid fuels from biomass.Table B-25 Examples of the yield of bio-oil by pyrolysis from agricultural resid...Table B-26 Representation of the conversion of biomass into fuels.Table B-27 Typical properties and composition of bio-oil*.Table B-28 Simplified illustration of bio-oil upgrading.Table B-29 Simplified representation of a biorefinery.Table B-30 Simplified representation of a biorefinery.Table B-31 The defend isomers of butene (C₄H₈).

4 Chapter 3Table C-1 Amount (% w/w) of cellulose and hemicellulose in various sources *.Table C-2 The ultimate and proximate analysis of cellulose, lignin, and lignocel...Table C-3 Characteristics of charcoal briquettes.Table C-4 Examples of the chemicals that can be obtained from lignocellulosic bi...Table C-5 Routes for the production of chemicals in a biorefinery.Table C-6 Approximate composition of the atmosphere.Table C-7: General groups of clay minerals.Table C-8 Approximate sizes of the various rock types.Table C-9 Categorization of resources and reserves.Table C-10 The main components of the Earth system.Table C-11 Categorization of resources and reserves.Table C-12 Types of cycloalkanes.

5 Chapter 4Table D-1 Examples of glycol derivatives used for dehydration of gas streams.Table D-2 Examples of phase transformations.Table D-3 The Isotopes of Hydrgoen.Table D-4 Examples of the types of organic chemical waste.

6 Chapter 5Table E-1 Examples of the selected properties of E85 and crude oil-based gasolin...Figure E-1 Representation of an endothermic reaction in which the heat content o...Table E-2 Examples of the properties of straw and energy crops.Table E-3 General sub-divisions of energy sources.Table E-4 Selected properties of ethanol compared to methanol.Figure E-2 Ethanol production for lignocellulosic biomass.Table E-5 Examples of phase transformations.Figure E-3 Representation of an exothermic reaction in which the heat content of...

7 Chapter 6Table F-1 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids.Table F-2 Percentage of fatty acid types for different oils.Table F-3 Examples of the structural characteristics of selected fatty acids.Table F-4 Range of Potential Fischer-Tropsch Products.Table F-5 The NFPA system for flammability rating.Table F-6 US DOT classification of flammable materials.Table F-7 General description of fuel types.Table F-1 General properties of functional group compounds.

8 Chapter 7Table G-1 Summary of processes used for gas cleaning.Table G-2 Common methods for the removal of carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide ...Table G-3 General properties and description of gaseous fuels.Table G-4 Common terminology used to describe gases fuels.Table G-5 Properties of gaseous (C₁-C₄) paraffin hydrocarbons.Table G-6 General guidelines for fuel requirements for different gasifier types.Table G-7 Empirically determined values for the constants a and b.Table G-8 Nomenclature of relevant properties of the various gas streams*.Table G-9 Illustration of the age of the earth and the subdivision of the years.

9 Chapter 8Table H-1 Heat content (calorific value, btu/lb) of selected hydrocarbons and fu...Table H-2 Various types of gas-liquid heat exchangers.Table H-3 The Periodic Table of the Elements.Table H-4 Properties of gaseous (C₁-C₄) paraffin hydrocarbons.Table H-5 General properties of hydrogen sulfide.Table H-6 Feedstocks and products for the hydrothermal upgrading process.

10 Chapter 9Table I-1 Categorization of resources and reserves.Table I-2 General properties of ionic liquids.Table I-3 Examples of the uses of ionic liquids in the alternative energy field.

11 Chapter 12Table L-1 General classification of landfill sites.Table L-2 Typical constituents of landfill gas.*Table L-3 Examples of the hydrocarbon constituents of light ends*.Table L-4 Amount (% w/w) of lignin common in various sources*.Table L-5 Examples of the lower and upper explosive limits of selected chemicals...

12 Chapter 13Table M-1 Boiling point and density of methane relative to air and water.Table M-2 Selected properties of methanol compared to ethanol.Table M-3 Examples of toxic constituents in municipal solid waste.Table M-4 Comparison of heating values of various waste-derived fuels.Table M-5 Sources of municipal waste

13 Chapter 14Table N-1 Naphtha production by various crude oil refining processes.Table N-2 Range of composition of natural gas.Table N-3 Simple non-methane hydrocarbons.Table N-4 Types of nuclear reactors.

14 Chapter 15Table O-1 Octane ratings of various hydrocarbon derivatives in order of increasi...Table O-2 Olamines used for gas processing.Table O-3 Reactions of olefin derivatives (alkenes).

15 Chapter 16Table P-1 Size ranges for particulate matter.Table P-2 The Periodic Table of the Elements.Table P-3 Production of petrochemicals during refining.Table P-4 Properties of selected petrochemicals.Table P-5 Selected properties of phenol.Table P-6 Typical environmental pollutants.*Table P-7 Examples of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.Table P-8 Examples of polycyclic aromatic compounds.Table P-9 Porosity of different rock types.Table P-10 Categorization of resources and reserves.Table P-11 Categorization of resources and reserves.Table P-12 Categorization of resources and reserves.Table P-13 Typical composition of producer gas.Table P-14 The isotopes of hydrgoen.Table P-15 Categorization of resources and reserves.Table P-16 Examples of the chemical constituents of pulpwood.Table P-17 Products of pyrolysis and potential uses.

16 Chapter 18Table R-1 The uranium-radium series.Table R-2 Examples of the half-life of several elements and isotopes.Table R-3 List of radioactive elements*.Table R-4 Various reactor-types.Table R-5 Categorization of resources and reserves.Table R-6 Processes for the recovery of gases from gas streams.Table R-7 Processes for the recovery of liquids from gas streams.Table R-8 Processes for the recovery of solids from gas streams.Table R-9 Processes for the recovery of liquids from liquid streams.Table R-10 Processes for the recovery of solids from liquid streams.Table R-11 Processes for the recovery of liquids from solid streams.Table R-12 Processes for the recovery of solids from solid streams.Table R-13 General rules for process selection.Table R-14 General categories of refuse-derived fuel.Table R-15 Categorization of resources and reserves.Table R-16 An example of the general categorization of natural resources.Table R-17 Simplified descriptions of conventional crude oil, tight oil, heavy c...Table R-18 Categorization of resources and reserves.Table R-19 Yields and quality of pyrolysis oil from various feedstocks.

17 Chapter 19Table S-1 Types of soils based on composition.Table S-2 Types of soils based on properties.Table S-3 Characteristics of sugar crops.Table S-4 Summary of the natural gas sweetening processes.Table S-5 Examples of products from synthesis gas.

18 Chapter 20Table T-1 Scrap tire pyrolysis.Table T-2 The Periodic Table of the Elements.Table T-3 The isotopes of hydrogen.

19 Chapter 21Table U-1 Categorization of resources and reserves.Table U-2 Categorization of resources and reserves.Table U-3 Examples of the lower and upper explosive limits of selected chemicals...

20 Chapter 22Table V-1 Density and vapor density of the lower-boiling hydrocarbon derivatives...Table V-2 Fatty acid content of some vegetable oils (%)

21 Chapter 23Table W-1 Types of waste.Table W-2 Sources of municipal waste.Table W-3 General properties of water.Table W-4 General types of lakes.Table W-5 Examples of water pollutants and the effects.Table W-6 Wobbe index (kcal/m³) of natural gas and its common constituents.Table W-7 Examples of the properties of different types of wood.Table W-8 Interrelationships of the various constituents of wood.

22 Chapter 24Table X-1 The general properties of the xylene isomers.