Читать книгу Principles of Virology - Jane Flint, S. Jane Flint - Страница 196

Enveloped viruses of several families contain an additional protein layer that mediates interactions of the genome-containing structure with the viral envelope. In the simplest case, a single viral protein, termed the matrix protein, welds an internal ribonucleoprotein to the envelope. This arrangement is found in members of several groups of (−) strand RNA viruses (Fig. 4.6C; Appendix, Fig. 17 and 31). Retrovirus particles also contain an analogous, membrane-associated matrix protein (MA), which is closely associated with the inner surface of the viral envelope.

Figure 4.24 Structure of a simple enveloped virus, Sindbis virus. (A) Cross section through the cryo-EM density map of Sindbis virus, a member of the alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae, at 11-Å resolution. The lipid bilayer of the viral envelope is clearly defined at this resolution, as are the transmembrane domains of the glycoproteins. (B) Different layers of the particle, based on the fitting of a high-resolution structure of the E1 glycoprotein into a 9-Å reconstruction of the virus particle. The nucleocapsid (red) (C protein) surrounds the genomic (+) strand RNA. The RNA is the least well-ordered feature in the reconstruction, although segments (orange) lying just below the capsid protein appear to be ordered by interaction with this protein. The C protein penetrates the inner leaflet of the lipid membrane, where it interacts with the cytoplasmic domain of the E2 glycoprotein (blue). The membrane is spanned by rod-like structures that are connected to the skirt (see panel A) by short stems. (C) The structure of the E1 and E2 glycoproteins, obtained by fitting the crystal structure of the closely related Semliki Forest virus E1 glycoprotein into the 11-Å density map and assigning density unaccounted for to the E2 glycoprotein. The three E2 glycoprotein molecules in a trimeric spike are colored light blue, dark blue, and brown, and the E1 molecules shown as backbone traces colored red, green, and magenta. The portions of the proteins that cross the lipid bilayer are helical. Adapted from Zhang W et al. 2002. J Virol 76:11645–11658, with permission. Courtesy of Michael Rossmann, Purdue University.

Figure 4.25 Conserved topology and regular packing of envelope proteins of small, (+) strand RNA viruses. (A) Ribbon diagrams of the flavivirus envelope (E) protein dimer (top) and the alphavirus E1/E2 heterodimer (bottom), with one E and the E2 subunit shown in gray. Conserved domains of E and E1 are colored red, yellow, and blue with the fusion loops required for entry in orange. The membrane is below the flavivirus dimer, in the plane of the figure, whereas it is perpendicular to the alphavirus E1/E2 heterodimer as indicated. The parallel and angled orientations to the membrane of the flavivirus and alphavirus envelope proteins, respectively, result in the very different appearances of these particles shown in panel B. (B) Surface renderings on the same scale, showing the regular packing of flavivirus and alphavirus envelope protein dimers. The dimers related by two-, three-, and fivefold axes of icosahedral symmetry are colored blue, pale yellow, and mauve, respectively, except for the central dimer depicted, which is colored as in panel A. In the 80 spikes of the alphavirus envelope, E2 is shown gray and E1 colored by domain as in panel A. Adapted from Vaney MC, Rey FA. 2011. Cell Microbiol 13:1451–1459, with permission. Courtesy of F.A. Rey, Institut Pasteur.

Because the internal capsids or nucleocapsids of these multilayered enveloped viruses are not in direct contact with the envelope, the organization and symmetry of internal structures are not evident from the external appearance of the surface glycoprotein layer. Nor does the organization of these proteins reflect the symmetry of the capsid. For example, the outer surface of all retroviruses appears roughly spherical with an array of projecting knobs or spikes, regardless of whether the internal core is spherical, cylindrical, or cone shaped. Likewise, influenza virus particles, which contain helical nucleocapsids, are generally roughly spherical but are highly pleomorphic with long, filamentous forms common in clinical isolates (Box 4.10).

Internal proteins that contact the viral envelope are not embedded within the lipid bilayer but rather bind to its inner face. Such viral proteins are targeted to, and interact with, membranes by means of specific signals, which are described in more detail in Chapter 12.