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Contents

FOREWORD

PREFACE

INTRODUCTION

Part One / Homeland

Henny Hale “I couldn’t see over the mountains.”

Ester Sundvik “We never knew what real medicine was.”

Ina Silverberg “I get so lonesome for Finland.”

Martin Rasmussen “When I was a child, we ate out of a common big dish.”

Sigfrid Ohrt “He slipped out of the country.”

Andrew Johnson “We were raised like regular puritans.”

Torvald Opsal “Home you had plenty to eat, but there was no cash.”

Gretchen Yost “We had to find out for ourselves how to make things go.”

Bergljot DeRosa “Up in the north, they believe in trolls.”

Else Goodwin “I have such good memories of Christmas Eve.”

Magnhild Johnsen “When peace broke out …”

Part Two / New Land

Ole Blindheim “We were thinking America in high tones when we saw that Statue of Liberty.”

Goodman Norwick “I never got into any hand-to-hand fighting and I was glad of it.”

Elsie Odmark “Did we get to heaven?”

Ida Apalseth “You just had to trust somebody.”

Esther Rinne “Finland those days, you never see any black people.”

Alli Benson “I got infested with lice.”

Laura Foss “We had to start all over again, writing A’s and B’s.”

Hans Fahl “The fruit trees were in blossoming white and I thought it was like paradise.”

Gustav Simonson “The sea is where you have to look for a livelihood.”

Sigvald Stenersen “My first Christmas, I hauled manure on Christmas Day.”

Thorvald Kofoed “I’m not going to freeze for five dollars a month in Minnesota.”

Astrid Lovestrand “A lady from the YWCA met us and she talked Swedish.”

Part Three / New Lives: Work

John Kuivala “Butter on the bread.”

Emmy Berg “I worked for wealthy people, that’s for sure.”

Marie Berglund “It’s hard to be put down.”

Ralph Strom “I was with the worst—gamblers, prostitutes, everything you could think of.”

Hanna Sippala “They like Finnish girls.”

Grethe Petersen “We sold fresh-churned butter right out of the churn.”

Anton Isaksen “I have put in seventy years on boats.”

Margit Johnsen “I never did like housework.”

Ole Nissen “We haven’t got a tailor between 23rd and East Madison.”

Jenny Pedersen “Everybody’s gonna eat and everybody’s gonna wear clothes.”

Part Four / New Lives: Family

Anne Hansen “The women had their babies at home.”

Olaf Sivertson “I started out just like the pioneers did in the wild timbers.”

Christine Emerson “Dad needed someone to stay home.”

Hans Fredrickson “You’re gonna go to school, if I can help it.”

Anna Johnson “There is nobody that can take a mother’s place.”

Gertie Hjortedal “I saw the little, beautiful girl and I was happy and satisfied.”

Part Five / New Lives: Tradition

Jon and Gudrun Magnusson “We had the Iceland library in our home.”

Julius Tollefson “It was just like getting a letter from home.”

Signe Steel “Everybody were your friends.”

Frederik Madsen “Because I am a Dane and have gone to folk schools, I think I am a better American.”

Hilma Salvon “All my life, I’ve been eating rye bread.”

Arnfinn Bruflot “I have my language from Norway, and my tradition.”

MAP

APPENDIX: INTERVIEW QUESTIONNAIRE

BIBLIOGRAPHY

New Land, New Lives

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