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Vowels.—Samohlásky.

 Short, krátké: a, e, ě, i, o, u, y;

 long, dlouhé: á, é, í, ó, ú, ů, ý.

Consonants.—Souhlásky.

 Soft consonants, měkké souhlásky: ž, š, č, c, ď, ť, ň, ř, j, followed by i or í.

 Hard consonants, tvrdé souhlásky: h, ch, k, d, t, n, r, followed by y or ý.

 Soft syllables, měkké slabiky: di, ti, ni, dě, tě, ně, bě, pě, vě, mě, fě.

 Hard syllables, tvrdé slabiky: dy, ty, ny, de, te, ne, be, pe, ve, me, fe.

 Diphthong, dvojhláska: ou.

The remaining consonants: b, p, v, l, m, s, z, f, are called neutral consonants—obojetné souhlásky. These consonants become hard or soft in certain cases or verb ending as will be shown in the grammar or they are soft or hard in certain words to be taken up latter on. The proper use of y or i after neutral consonants is one of the difficulties of the Bohemian grammar.

Long vowels—dlouhé samohlásky.—It is very important to employ the long mark ´ over long vowels and to give sufficient length in pronouncing them. The beginner especially should prolong them to acquire the habit. Many quasi-homonyms are distinguished by the length sign: e. g. pata, heel, pátá, fifth, peče, bakes, péče, care, pára, steam, párá, ripping, psi, dogs, psí, of the dog, kůl, post, pillar, kul, forged.