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Оглавление

Hyperglycemia

BASICS

DEFINITION/OVERVIEW

Hyperglycemia is abnormally high blood glucose concentration. In most species, glucose concentrations fluctuate. Normal glucose concentration ranges from 60 mg/dl to 200 mg/dl (3.3–11 mmol/l).

ETIOLOGY/PATHOPHYSIOLOGY

The etiology is largely unknown

Transient hyperglycemia may be postprandial or stress induced.

Elevated glucose may be seen during ovulation, and in certain neoplastic conditions.

Iatrogenic from prior glucose or glucocorticosteroid administration.

Hyperglycemia has been documented in parasitic pancreatitis (Serpinema microcephalus).

It is speculated that endocrine pancreas disease may lead to insulin deficiency resulting in a diabetes mellitus‐like syndrome, but this has not been documented.

SIGNALMENT/HISTORY

N/A

CLINICAL PRESENTATION

Unspecific

Possibly increased water consumption, increased urine (urate) production, and weight loss.

RISK FACTORS

Husbandry

Largely unknown

Stress from handling or improper housing may predispose.

Others

N/A

DIAGNOSIS

Blood glucose levels above 200 mg/dl (11 mmol/l) indicate hyperglycemia.

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS

N/A

DIAGNOSTICS

Blood glucose measurements should be repeated, as a single elevated value is likely insignificant.

Persistent hyperglycemia is a more relevant finding.

Glucosuria should be evaluated to identify chronic hyperglycemia.

Underlying causes should be investigated: ovarian activity, neoplasia (particularly stomach and pancreas), metabolic disease.

PATHOLOGICAL FINDINGS

The etiology for persistent hyperglycemia is unknown, but endocrine pancreas should be thoroughly evaluated.

TREATMENT

APPROPRIATE HEALTH CARE

N/A

NUTRITIONAL SUPPORT

N/A

CLIENT EDUCATION/HUSBANDRY RECOMMENDATIONS

N/A

MEDICATIONS

DRUG(S) OF CHOICE

In cases with persistent hyperglycemia, where systemic disease has been ruled out, experimental insulin treatment may be attempted.

Suggested starting dose: 1–5 iu q24–48h.

PRECAUTIONS/INTERACTIONS

N/A

FOLLOW‐UP

PATIENT MONITORING

Follow up with repeated glucose measurements, and monitor general health of patient.

EXPECTED COURSE AND PROGNOSIS

Transient hyperglycemia is likely insignificant, while chronically elevated levels carry a poor prognosis.

MISCELLANEOUS

COMMENTS

N/A

ZOONOTIC POTENTIAL

N/A

SYNONYMS

N/A

INTERNET RESOURCES

Melissa Kaplan’s Herp Care Collection. Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia in Reptiles. http://www.anapsid.org/diabetes.html