Читать книгу The da Vinci Legacy - Jean-Pierre Isbouts - Страница 7

A hush fell over the crowd as one of the last lots of the evening was brought into the room. Those in the front rows—the top buyers, curators, and billionaire collectors—moved slightly forward in their seats, craning their necks to better see the portrait on the dais in front of them. Among their ranks were some of the most powerful dealers and collectors in the world, including New York’s Larry Gagosian; David Zwirner and Marc Payot of Hauser & Wirth; Eli Broad and Michael Ovitz from Los Angeles; and Martin Margulies from Miami. Those standing in the back of the room pushed and jostled in the hope of catching a glimpse of the painting, a surprisingly small panel at just 26 by 19 inches. Outside, New York was enjoying one of the last balmy nights of the city’s famous Indian summer, but inside, the air conditioning systems were working overtime to cool the rising heat of the packed room.

Jussi Pylkkänen, the global president of Christie’s, seemed unfazed as he looked at the more than one thousand dealers, advisors, journalists, and critics who had somehow secured tickets to get inside his auction hall at Rockefeller Center. He cleared his throat, brushed some dust from the lectern in front of him, and said, “And so, ladies and gentlemen, we move on to Leonardo da Vinci, his masterpiece of Christ the Savior, previously in the collection of three kings of England.” Inwardly, however, Pylkkänen could barely contain his excitement.

The reason is simple: works by da Vinci are rare. So rare, in fact, that any time a bona fide work by this elusive Italian artist makes it to an auction floor, it automatically generates headlines all over the world. Unlike, say, Vincent van Gogh, who could turn out one or more paintings in a day, Leonardo labored over his paintings for months, even years. The reason, his 16th-century biographer Giorgio Vasari claimed, is that “the work of his hands could rarely match the perfection of his imagination.” But that judgment tells only half the story. The fact of the matter is, Leonardo saw himself as much more than a mere painter. He was fascinated by science, nature, human biology, and great mysteries such as the flight of birds or the movement of water. He burned with ambition to become a famous architect like his friend Donato Bramante, or an engineer like his fellow Florentine Filippo Brunelleschi, who had secured his fame by creating a vast dome over the central crossing of Florence’s cathedral. At the same time, Leonardo was fascinated by optics and the way our eyes perceive the effect of atmosphere and depth; he spent hours investigating the play of light and shadow on the face of a beautiful young woman. Yes, Leonardo believed he was much more than a painter—a character who, in the quattrocento, the 15th century, was still considered little more than an artisan with a dirty smock. If he were alive today, he would be called a true Renaissance man, even though, ironically, that term had yet to be invented when Leonardo was alive.

As a result, there are only some eighteen paintings that we can reliably accept as true da Vinci “autograph” works today. That is an amazingly small number, especially when you consider that Leonardo’s contemporary, Sandro Botticelli, completed well over a hundred paintings during the same time period. And these are just the Botticellis that we know of, since the artist burned a goodly number of his mythological paintings after he heard the sermons of a fiery monk named Savonarola. Worse, two of Leonardo’s most famous frescoes, the Last Supper in Milan and the Battle of Anghiari in Florence, are no longer visible in their erstwhile glory: the former because the mural is hopelessly damaged, and the latter because it was overpainted in the latter part of the 16th century. Only a handful of copies give us an inkling of the immense visual power that these works brought to the Renaissance.

For Leonardo, this was especially unfortunate because frescoes—which cannot be bought or sold, and always remain in place—were the principal medium in which an artist could secure his reputation for all time. Leonardo’s chief rivals, Raphael and Michelangelo, had sealed their celebrity with a series of highly successful frescoes in Rome. Raphael made his name by painting murals for the stanze (or the papal “rooms”) in the Vatican, while Michelangelo became immortal for his magnificent frescoes in the Sistine Chapel.

Little wonder, then, that when Leonardo finally made his way to the Vatican, long after these rivals had made their mark, he was roundly ignored by Pope Leo X. Despite the best efforts of the pope’s brother, Giuliano de’ Medici, the pontiff could not be bothered to toss a bone to the painter from Florence. When, at long last, the pope reluctantly agreed to give Leonardo a commission for a painting, Leonardo immediately began to distill a new mixture of oil and herbs for the final varnish. The pope was heard to mutter, “Bah, this man can’t do anything right, for he thinks of the end before he begins his work.”1

Copy by an unknown artist of Raphael’s Portrait of Giuliano de’ Medici, ca. 1515

After spending several frustrating years on the periphery of the papal orbit in Rome, hoping for a major commission that never materialized, Leonardo realized that his cause was lost. The Medicis never had much love for Leonardo, even when he was a young prodigy at the studio of his master Andrea del Verrocchio. For this, Leonardo blamed his lack of a formal education; as everyone knew, Lorenzo de’ Medici was a notorious snob. Now that the Medicis had captured the throne of St. Peter, Leonardo’s chance of matching the fame and glory of his competitors was receding by the day.

When his only patron, Giuliano de’ Medici, died in March of 1516, after a long battle with tuberculosis, Leonardo knew that the writing was on the wall. His last patron in Italy was gone. He would have died a pauper, unmourned and unloved, if a king from another country, François I, had not come to his rescue. The French king was kind enough to offer the ailing artist a comfortable place of retirement, not far from his own palace of Amboise on the Loire River. And so Leonardo removed himself from the beating heart of the Renaissance, the papal court in Rome. As it happened, it was the same summer of 1516 when Raphael reached the apex of his fame with Woman with a Veil (its pose slyly copied from Leonardo’s Mona Lisa), and Michelangelo carved the first figures for his monumental Tomb of Pope Julius II.

Few courtiers in Rome noticed Leonardo’s departure. He was simply an old man whose time had come and gone. Ensconced in a villa in Amboise, bent by age and felled by a stroke, Leonardo waited patiently until death carried him away on the night of May 2, 1519. Many of his notebooks, compiled over the course of his long career, were lost to the four corners of the earth.

That is where the story of Leonardo da Vinci should have ended. Except that it did not.

Today, Leonardo da Vinci is the most celebrated artist in the world. His Mona Lisa, the portrait of a pretty Florentine housewife, is routinely cited as the most famous painting around the globe. In addition to museums like the Uffizi and the Louvre, countless “da Vinci museums” have sprung up in recent years, featuring reconstructions of Leonardo’s intricate machines, including designs for a tank, a bicycle, a mortar, and a parachute. Special exhibits of his paintings, such as the blockbuster London exhibit Leonardo da Vinci: Painter at the Court of Milan in 2012, are able to attract millions of visitors. The Louvre, for example, reports that the Mona Lisa alone typically draws nine million visitors per year.

The same is true for popular literature about the artist. Dan Brown’s fictional thriller, The Da Vinci Code, became one of the all-time best sellers in 2003, with an estimated eighty million copies sold worldwide to date. And in 2017, a book about Leonardo da Vinci by Steve Jobs biographer Walter Isaacson zoomed to the top of the New York Times nonfiction best-seller list.

How did this happen? Where does all this da Vinci mania come from? Why, exactly five hundred years after his passing as a recluse in a remote French villa, is Leonardo one of the leading pop icons of our day? And why did more than one thousand buyers, critics, and journalists cram themselves into an auction room at Christie’s to see a painting that had been dismissed as a copy only twelve years earlier?

This book is the first to try to unravel this mystery—a mystery that is quite possibly the last remaining enigma about this elusive genius. What strange phenomenon intervened to make sure that Leonardo was not relegated to the dusty pages of history, like so many other talented artists of the Renaissance? How did his mystique as a solitary genius survive five centuries of European history, and why does it continue to fascinate us in modern times?

To answer this question, we will embark on a journey—a long and fascinating journey that begins in a manor in Amboise in France in 1517, and ends in a packed auction room at Christie’s, one balmy evening in November 2017.

1 . Giorgio Vasari, “Lionardo da Vinci,” in Le Vite de’ più eccellenti pittori, scultori e architetti; 1568 Edition.

1. Leonardo in Amboise