Читать книгу Sunnyside Gardens - Jeffrey A. Kroessler - Страница 7

1898 Ebenezer Howard self-published To-morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform, reprinted in 1902 as Garden Cities of To-morrow.

1903 Howard formed the Garden City Association with the aim of achieving the ends outlined in his book, with local chapters created across Britain.

1903 Howard and associates formed First Garden City, Limited, and purchased 3,818 acres about thirty-five miles north of London for their initial endeavor, Letchworth Garden City. Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker were appointed the architects.

1906 Dame Henrietta Barnett began developing Hampstead Garden Suburb outside London. Raymond Unwin and Barry Parker laid out the original plan; Edwin Lutyens planned the Suburb’s formal center and designed the two churches, St. Jude’s and the Free Church.

1909 The Russell Sage Foundation Homes Company began building Forest Hills Gardens in the borough of Queens; Grosvenor Atterbury was the lead architect, and Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr., the landscape architect. The garden suburb has about 890 freestanding and attached houses, and 11 apartment buildings. Protective covenants covering the open space and the buildings instituted at the start remain in effect.

1911 The Queensboro Corporation began building Jackson Heights; Andrew J. Thomas designed the earliest buildings.

1912 Raymond Unwin published “Nothing Gained by Overcrowding!: How the Garden City Type of Development May Benefit Both Owner and Occupier.”

1913 The Garden City Association became the International Garden Cities and Town Planning Association, with Ebenezer Howard as president.

1914–1918 During the First World War, Raymond Unwin worked with the British government to build new housing for war workers along garden city principles.

1917–1919 The U.S. government funded new housing for war workers through the Emergency Fleet Corporation of the U.S. Shipping Board and the U.S. Housing Corporation. Frederick L. Ackerman was chief of Housing and Town Planning under Robert Kohn; Henry Wright designed Colonial Terraces in Newburgh, New York.

1919 Howard and associates began the second Garden City, Welwyn. Louis de Soissons was appointed architect and planner.

April 18, 1923 Clarence Stein, Henry Wright, Lewis Mumford, Frederick L. Ackerman, Benton MacKaye, Alexander Bing, Charles Whittaker, Stuart Chase, and Robert Kohn formed the Regional Planning Association of America (RPAA).

March 14, 1924 Members of the RPAA organized the City Housing Corporation as a limited dividend corporation to build a garden suburb; by June they had acquired seventy-seven acres in Long Island City adjacent to the Sunnyside rail yards. Construction of Sunnyside Gardens began within months. Stein and Wright were the primary architects, with additional designs from F. L. Ackerman; Marjorie Sewell Cautley was the landscape architect.

1924–1936 Lewis Mumford and his family lived in Sunnyside Gardens, first in a co-operative apartment on 48th Street and then in a private house in a mews on 44th Street.

April 1925 The International Federation of Town and Country Planning and Garden Cities met in New York City. The gathering featured a visit to Sunnyside Gardens and Jackson Heights. Howard, Raymond Unwin, Barry Parker, and Ernst May attended. Lewis Mumford edited the May 1925 issue of Survey Graphic, with contributions from Stein, Wright, Bing, MacKaye, Chase, and Ackerman.

1928 Sunnyside Gardens was completed, with a total of 563 homes (293 one-family, 224 two-family, and 46 three-family houses) and 322 units in apartment buildings.

1929–1931 The City Housing Corporation built the first section of Radburn, a “town for the motor age,” with a total of 430 one-family and 44 two-family houses, 90 row houses, and 92 units in two apartment buildings. The Great Depression brought construction to a halt by 1933.

1931 Phipps Garden Apartments, designed by Clarence Stein with landscaping by Marjorie Cautley, was completed adjacent to Sunnyside Gardens. The first set of buildings had 344 units for tenants of modest means. In 1935, Phipps Houses built a second block of garden apartments immediately behind the first.

1931–1936 Residents of Sunnyside Gardens launched a mortgage strike and banded together to resist foreclosures and evictions; more than half of the residents lost their homes.

1932–1935 Stein and Wright were the site planners and consulting architects for Chatham Village, a garden suburb of 197 homes in Pittsburgh.

1933 Stein and Wright dissolved their partnership of ten years.

1934 The City Housing Corporation filed for bankruptcy.

1934 Henry Wright joined the faculty at Columbia University in the new program in town planning and housing studies.

June 29, 1935 Governor Herbert Lehman dedicated Hillside Homes in the Bronx, funded by the Public Works Administration. Clarence Stein designed the five-block complex of five-story garden apartments with landscape architect Marjorie Sewell Cautley.

1935 Henry Wright published Rehousing Urban America.

1935 Stein and Wright consulted on the planning of Greenbelt, Maryland, for the Resettlement Administration, a New Deal agency. The community was completed in 1937, incorporating elements of Radburn.

July 10, 1936 Henry Wright died at age fifty-eight.

1939 “The City” premiered at the New York World’s Fair, highlighting the ideas of the RPAA and featuring scenes of Radburn and Greenbelt. Clarence Stein had created Civic Films, Inc., to produce the film. Lewis Mumford prepared the script with Pare Lorentz; Aaron Copeland composed the music; Ralph Steiner and Willard Van Dyke were the cinematographers.

1957 Clarence Stein published Toward New Towns for America.

1962 Concerned about increasing speculation and the loosening of design controls, residents of Hampstead formed the Hampstead Garden Suburb Protection Society.

1964–1968 The forty-year easements regulating the open spaces and architectural features of Sunnyside Gardens expired; some residents erected previously forbidden fences along their property lines into the common courtyards, paved over front yards for driveways, and built rooftop additions.

1968 Hampstead Garden Suburb was designated a conservation area, and the reconstituted Hampstead Garden Suburb Trust began enforcing strong preservation controls as the ground landlord.

July 18, 1974 The New York City Department of City Planning voted to designate Sunnyside Gardens a Special Planned Community Preservation District, a new zoning classification that also applied to the Harlem River Houses, Parkchester, and Fresh Meadows.

February 7, 1975 Clarence Stein died at age ninety-two.

1975 Radburn was listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

1981 Sunnysiders formed the Sunnyside Gardens Conservancy to preserve the historic character of the community and foster restoration. This became the Sunnyside Foundation for Community Planning. They offered technical assistance on facade maintenance, obtained public funding to upgrade the commercial blocks of Skillman Avenue, and initiated a preservation easement program.

September 7, 1984 Sunnyside Gardens was listed on the National Register of Historic Places through the efforts of the Sunnyside Foundation.

January 26, 1990 Lewis Mumford died at age ninety-four.

2003 Residents organized the Sunnyside Gardens Preservation Alliance to gain designation as a historic district by the city.

2005 Radburn was designated a National Historic Landmark.

2007 The Landmarks Preservation Commission designated Sunnyside Gardens and Phipps Garden Apartments a historic district.

2008 City Planning removed the Special Planned Community Preservation District designation from Sunnyside Gardens; henceforward, only the Landmarks Preservation Commission would regulate.

2013 The Landmarks Preservation Commission rejected an application to locate the 1931 Aluminaire House, designed by Albert Frey, in the Sunnyside Gardens Historic District, but it granted tentative approval to building eight units of housing on the lot, a former playground. In 2016, the City Council allocated funds to purchase the site for a public park.

2016 Phipps Houses proposed a ten-story, 209-unit affordable housing building for the parking lot between the Phipps Garden Apartments and the railroad, but they withdrew the plan in the face of opposition from residents and the local councilman.

2020 The School Construction Authority demolished the parking garage designed by Clarence Stein to make way for a new middle school. The structure was included in the National Register historic district, but it was excluded from the historic district designated by the Landmarks Preservation Commission.