Читать книгу The ESD Control Program Handbook - Jeremy M. Smallwood - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Field lines and equipotential around a charged sphere.Figure 1.2 Surface resistivity definition.Figure 1.3 Definition of volume resistivity.Figure 1.4 Resistances in series.Figure 1.5 Resistances in parallel.Figure 1.6 Capacitors in parallel.Figure 1.7 Capacitors in series.

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 A simple electrical model of electrostatic charge build‐up.Figure 2.2 Parallel plate capacitor.Figure 2.3 Charge or voltage decay curve.Figure 2.4 Field lines (shown dashed) emerging from a small point or spheric...Figure 2.5 Electrostatic field between parallel plates.Figure 2.6 Electrostatic field between a field meter and metal plate at volt...Figure 2.7 Faraday cage.Figure 2.8 Voltage developed on a metal plate in an electric field.Figure 2.9 An earthed metal plate in an electric field becomes charged by gr...Figure 2.10 Faraday pail.Figure 2.11 The relationship between breakdown voltage and spark gap Pd (Pas...Figure 2.12 Discharge from negatively charged (>20 kV) insulating surface.Figure 2.13 Example of waveform of discharge from the author charged to 500 ...Figure 2.14 ESD waveform from screwdriver blade charged to +530 V. Charge tr...Figure 2.15 ESD waveform from a160 × 180 mm metal plate charged to 550 V. Ch...Figure 2.16 ESD waveforms from charged integrated circuits: (above) 32‐pin p...Figure 2.17 ESD waveform from a printed circuit board (above) charged to 1 k...Figure 2.18 ESD waveform from a charged automotive module taken out of a pol...Figure 2.19 Voltage on an automotive cable core as polythene packaging is re...Figure 2.20 ESD waveform from a charged automotive wiring loom cable lying a...Figure 2.21 Electronic model of a simple ESD source.Figure 2.22 Simulated overdamped device current waveform IESD for dominant c...Figure 2.23 Simulated underdamped device ESD current waveform for the case o...Figure 2.24 Simulated device ESD current waveform for near critical damping:...Figure 2.25 Electrostatic voltage on a CPM plate reducing during charge neut...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 ESD‐sensitive devices range from individual transistors or diodes...Figure 3.2 Simple electronic model of ESD circuit.Figure 3.3 Typical ESD generator circuit.Figure 3.4 HBM waveform definition with 0 Ω calibration load.Figure 3.5 IEC 61000‐4‐2 system ESD test waveform.Figure 3.6 IEC 60749‐27 MM waveform definition with 0 Ω calibration load.Figure 3.7 IEC 60749‐27 MM waveform definition with 500 Ω calibration load....Figure 3.8 ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS‐002 field‐induced CDM test arrangement.Figure 3.9 ANSI/ESDA/JEDEC JS‐002 field‐induced charged device model calibra...Figure 3.10 Typical clamp arrangement used in on chip ESD protection of an i...Figure 3.11 Elements of the V‐I curve of a typical on chip clamp circuit.Figure 3.12 Charging of a MOSFET gate from an HBM ESD test source.

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 EPA and UPA.Figure 4.2 Examples of marking an EPA entrance.Figure 4.3 A simple electrical model of electrostatic charge buildup, revisi...Figure 4.4 Electrostatic field between two parallel conducting plates.Figure 4.5 The electrostatic field between a field meter and a charged plate...Figure 4.6 Electrostatic field meter reading variation with distance from a ...Figure 4.7 Ionizer charge decay curves showing decay time and offset voltage...Figure 4.8 (a) Footwear 10 MΩ, “dissipative” floor 10 MΩ resistance to groun...Figure 4.9 (left) Two EPA workstations separated by a UPA, (right) joined as...Figure 4.10 An ordinary seat can give high electrostatic fields, in this cas...Figure 4.11 A hand tool designed for EPA use is grounded via the user's hand...Figure 4.12 Gloves and finger cots.Figure 4.13 (left) ESD control garments should cover the clothing of the arm...

5 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 “Star” connection of ESD control benches.Figure 7.2 “Chain” or series connection of ESD control benches.Figure 7.3 A typical earth bonding (grounding) plugs that can be used to con...Figure 7.4 Typical wrist strap system.Figure 7.5 Examples of proprietary portable wrist strap testers.Figure 7.6 Heel and toe grounders.Figure 7.7 Booties or shoe covers.Figure 7.8 A wide variety of shoe and work boot styles are available.Figure 7.9 Typical example of an ESD control cart (trolley).Figure 7.10 An ESD control seat.Figure 7.11 Typical ceiling mounted pulsed DC ionizer charging of an object ...Figure 7.12 Stripe (left) and grid (right) conductive fiber patterns (Paasi ...Figure 7.13 Examples of ESD control garment fiber types (Paasi et al. 2005a,...Figure 7.14 Symbol recommended for marking ESD control equipment.

6 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Secondary packaging materials.Figure 8.2 Variation of resistance of some papers with atmospheric humidity....Figure 8.3 Some examples of the extraordinary variety of packaging types in ...Figure 8.4 Intimate and proximity packaging.Figure 8.5 (a) Transient electrostatic field arising within an insulating pa...Figure 8.6 Typical variation of polymer resistance with conductive particle ...Figure 8.7 ESD packaging bags include pink polythene, black polythene, and m...Figure 8.8 Typical “metal‐out” ESD shielding bags material structure.Figure 8.9 Typical “metal‐in” ESD shielding bag material structure.Figure 8.10 Comparison of ESD shielding capability of 2 pink polythene, 3 bl...Figure 8.11 Typical moisture barrier material structureFigure 8.12 Foam is often used as intimate packaging or cushioning in packag...Figure 8.13 ESD packaging boxes.Figure 8.14 JEDEC waffle tray.Figure 8.15 Tape and reel packaging.Figure 8.16 Component sticks.Figure 8.17 Example of moisture sensitive device packaging label specified i...Figure 8.18 Example of packaging marking to identify ESD control packaging o...

7 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Dealing with isolated (ungrounded) conductors.Figure 9.2 Charged device ESD to metal (above) or resistive (below) surface....Figure 9.3 A simple electrostatic field risk evaluation.

8 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 A strategy for dealing with essential insulators.Figure 10.2 A strategy for dealing with isolated (ungrounded) conductors.

9 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 An example of 2.5 kg electrodes according to IEC 61340‐2‐3 and E...Figure 11.2 Concentric ring electrode contact area according to IEC 61340‐2‐...Figure 11.3 Examples of concentric ring electrode.Figure 11.4 Two‐point probe electrode according to IEC 61340‐2‐3 and ESD STM...Figure 11.5 An example of a footwear test electrode.Figure 11.6 Example of standard handheld electrodes (right) and a nonstandar...Figure 11.7 A simple tool test electrode (left) and underside (right) showin...Figure 11.8 An example of a 0 Ω mains safety earth connector.Figure 11.9 Electrostatic field meters. (left) Induction type and (center an...Figure 11.10 A handheld noncontact electrostatic voltmeter. The sensitive ti...Figure 11.11 A contact voltmeter.The sensing tip has extremely high impe...Figure 11.12 Principle of CPM operation.Figure 11.13 Example of a CPM built according to the IEC 61340‐4‐7 and ESD S...Figure 11.14 Measurement of resistance to ground.Figure 11.15 Measurement of resistance to ground from a work surface.Figure 11.16 Compliance verification resistance to ground measurement of sea...Figure 11.17 Product qualification measurement of seating.Figure 11.18 Point‐to‐point resistance measurement.Figure 11.19 Measurement of point‐to‐point resistance of a work surface mate...Figure 11.20 Measurement of resistance point to point of a garment across pa...Figure 11.21 Measurement of cuff‐to‐cuff resistance of a garment, (above) wi...Figure 11.22 Contacting (left) the inside or (right) the outside of a garmen...Figure 11.23 Measurement of cuff to cuff resistance of a garment hung from c...Figure 11.24 Measurement of end‐to‐end resistance of a wrist band cord.Figure 11.25 Simple proprietary wrist strap checkers make verification easy....Figure 11.26 A handheld electrode used with suitable resistance meter allows...Figure 11.27 Measurement of resistance from the person's body to ground.Figure 11.28 Measurement of resistance to ground when grounded via a grounda...Figure 11.29 Checking the resistance from person to ground using a portable ...Figure 11.30 Measuring the surface resistance of an ESD protective packaging...Figure 11.31 Measurement of surface resistance of small or curved ESD packag...Figure 11.32 Measurement of surface resistance ESD packaging using two 2.5 k...Figure 11.33 Volume resistance measurement using a concentric ring electrode...Figure 11.34 ESD bag shielding measurement.Figure 11.35 Flowchart procedure for evaluation of ESD shielding properties ...Figure 11.36 Measuring the decay time of an ionizer. The CPM plate is positi...Figure 11.37 Decay time and offset voltage of an ionizer.Figure 11.38 Measurement of body voltage of personnel (left) using electrost...Figure 11.39 Measurement of electrostatic fields in the region where an ESDS...Figure 11.40 Measuring electrostatic voltages on a planar target surface usi...Figure 11.41 Using a field meter calibrated as a voltmeter to measure electr...Figure 11.42 Measurement of voltage of a small item using a noncontact elect...Figure 11.43 Measurement of voltage of a small item using a contact electros...Figure 11.44 Measurement of resistance of hand tool.Figure 11.45 Test of resistance to ground of hand‐held tool. The person hold...Figure 11.46 Measurement of the resistance to groundable point of a solderin...Figure 11.47 Measurement of resistance to ground of a soldering iron tip whi...Figure 11.48 Handheld (left) and CAFE (right) electrodes.Figure 11.49 Measurement of resistance through glove to ground using CAFE el...Figure 11.50 Measurement of resistance through a glove using a handheld elec...Figure 11.51 Testing of system resistance through a glove and wrist strap us...Figure 11.52 Measurement of resistance to ground through a glove using a han...Figure 11.53 Charge decay time.Figure 11.54 Measurement of charge decay time of tools. The tool is touched ...Figure 11.55 Decay curve from tool that has low‐resistance handle.Figure 11.56 Decay curve from tool that has intermediate‐resistance handle....Figure 11.57 Decay curve from tool that has insulative handle and shows capa...Figure 11.58 Measuring the charge decay of a glove when worn. The gloved fin...Figure 11.59 Charge decay system test of tool held in gloved hand.Figure 11.60 Unshielded Faraday pail on CPM plate. This pail was purchased i...Figure 11.61 Shielded Faraday pail used with a coulombmeter.Figure 11.62 Measurement of product charging using a CPM.Figure 11.63 Examples of handheld ESD event detectors.

10 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 The author presenting a course.Figure 12.2 Water analogy of a simple model of electrostatic charging that i...Figure 12.3 Demonstrating a charged insulator, in this case a slab of expand...Figure 12.4 Using a clear plastic covered booklet to show how voltages appea...Figure 12.5 Using a document holder to show how voltage appears when the doc...Figure 12.6 Tribocharging a metal plate.Figure 12.7 Demonstration of ESD generation.Figure 12.8 Demonstration of equipotential bonding.Figure 12.9 Induction charging demonstrated using a charged plate monitor (l...Figure 12.10 The “perpetual ESD generator.” The metal plate rises in voltage...Figure 12.11 Demonstrating body voltage while walking, using a charged plate...Figure 12.12 Placing a field meter inside an ESD bag gives a means of showin...Figure 12.13 Demonstrating that an insulator cannot be successfully grounded...Figure 12.14 Demonstrating charge decay and offset voltage of an ionizer usi...Figure 12.15 Demonstrating inability of an ionizer to keep a metal plate at ...

11 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 HBM ESD withstand projections.Figure 13.2 CDM ESD withstand projections.Figure 13.3 Technology Roadmap expanded 2010 and beyond HBM ESD withstand pr...Figure 13.4 Technology Roadmap expanded 2010 and beyond CDM ESD withstand pr...Figure 13.5 Projected change in distribution of HBM withstand voltage among ...Figure 13.6 Projected change in distribution of CDM withstand voltage among ...

12 1Figure A.1 Example of signage showing the entrance to an EPA.Figure A.2 ESD shielding packaging symbol. (Reproduced by permission of the ...