Читать книгу A Synopsis of the Birds of North America - John James Audubon - Страница 5

Bill short, with the upper outline nearly straight and declinate to the edge of the cere, then decurved, the sides rapidly sloping, the edges with a slight festoon, the tip trigonal, acute; lower mandible with the dorsal line convex and ascending, the edges arched, at the end deflected, the tip rounded. Head large, roundish, flattened above. Nostrils, obovate, nearer the ridge than the margin. Neck rather short. Body full. Feet short, robust; tarsi roundish, anteriorly feathered half-way down, and scutellate, posteriorly also scutellate; toes of moderate length, scaly for half their length; claws long, arched, compressed, acuminate. Plumage full and rather blended. Space between the bill and eye covered with bristly feathers. Wings long, broad, the fourth quill longest, the first and seventh or eighth about equal; the first four abruptly cut out on the inner web. Tail rather long, broad, slightly rounded. Cere and feet yellow; bill light blue at the base, black at the tip, in all the American species.

5. 1. Buteo Harrisii, Aud. Harris's Buzzard

Plate CCCXCII. Female.

Bill higher and feet more robust than in the other species. Wings much rounded, the first quill four inches shorter than the fourth, which is longest, the seventh longer than the second. Chocolate-brown; wing-coverts and tibial feathers brownish-red; upper tail-coverts, base and end of tail white.

Female, 24, wing 151/4.

Mississippi. Extremely rare. Migratory.

Louisiana Hawk, Falco Harrisii, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. v. p. 30.

6. 2. Buteo vulgaris, Willoughby. Common Buzzard

Plate CCCLXXII. Female.

Upper parts chocolate-brown; primaries black toward the end, part of their inner webs white, barred with brownish-black; tail with about ten dusky bars on a reddish-brown ground, the last dark bar broader; eyelids whitish; throat white, longitudinally streaked with dusky; the rest of the lower parts yellowish or brownish-white, barred with brown. This species is subject to much variation in colour.

Female, 23 inches, wing 17.

Rocky Mountains, Columbia River, and Fur Countries.

Buteo vulgaris, Common Buzzard, Rich. & Sw. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 47.

Common Buzzard, Falco buteo, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. iv. p. 108.

7. 3. Buteo borealis, Gmel. Red-tailed Buzzard. – Red-tailed Hawk. – Hen Hawk

Plate LI. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.

Male with the upper part of the head and hind neck light greyish-brown, the back and scapulars dark brown, the latter broadly margined with brownish-white; smaller wing-coverts chocolate-brown; larger, lighter, tipped with white; primary quills blackish-brown, secondaries lighter, tipped with brownish-white, all barred with blackish; upper tail-coverts whitish, barred with brown; tail bright yellowish-red, with a narrow bar of black near the end, and tipped with whitish. Lower parts yellowish-white, the fore part of the breast with linear, guttiform, or sagittate spots; feathers of the leg and tarsus pale reddish-yellow. Female similar to the male, but with the upper parts darker, the lower nearly white, there being only a few narrow streaks on the sides of the breast. Young with the upper parts brown, streaked with yellowish-red, the tail-coverts yellowish-white barred with brown, the tail light greyish-brown, barred with dark brown and tipped with white; lower parts yellowish-white, with oblong longitudinal brown spots; the feathers of the sides and tibiæ barred with the same.

Male, 201/2, 46. Female, 24.

From Texas northward to the Fur Countries, and westward to the base of the Rocky Mountains. Resident.

Red-tailed Hawk, Falco borealis, Wils. Am. Orn. v. vi. p. 76. Adult.

American Buzzard or White-breasted Hawk, Falco leverianus, Wils. Am. Orn. v. vi. p. 78.

Buteo borealis, Red-tailed Buzzard, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 50.

Red-tailed Hawk or Buzzard, Falco borealis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 102.

Red-tailed Hawk, Falco borealis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. 1. p. 265; v. v. p. 378.

8. 4. Buteo Harlani, Aud. Harlan's Buzzard. – Black Warrior

Plate LXXXVI. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.

Size of Common Buzzard, which it resembles in form and proportion. General colour of plumage deep chocolate-brown, glossed with greyish-blue; inner webs of quills white, those of the primaries barred with dusky toward the end; tail lighter than the back, rather narrowly barred with brownish-black, and tipped with brownish-red; lower parts paler, anteriorly streaked, posteriorly barred with brownish-black; lower wing-coverts whitish, spotted with deep brown.

Male, 21, 45. Female, 22.

Louisiana. Extremely rare.

Black Warrior, Falco Harlani, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 441. v. v. p. 380.

Black Buzzard, Falco Harlani, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 105.

9. 5. Buteo lineatus, Gmel. Red-breasted Buzzard. – Chicken Hawk, Red-shouldered Hawk, Winter Hawk

Plate LVI. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female. Adult.

Plate LXXI. Young male.

Adult with the head, neck, and back light yellowish-red, longitudinally spotted with dark brown; smaller wing-coverts deep yellowish-red, with the centre brown; larger coverts and secondary quills dusky, broadly barred with white; primary quills brownish-black, barred with white; tail brownish-black, narrowly banded and tipped with white. Lower parts of the neck and lower wing-coverts light yellowish-red, the former longitudinally lined with dusky and faintly barred with whitish, the rest of the lower parts barred with light red and reddish-white. Young with the upper parts deep brown, the tail-coverts, tail, and quills barred with brownish-white; the lower parts white, longitudinally streaked and spotted with brown.

Male, 211/2, 44.

From Texas to Nova Scotia, and westward to the Missouri. Very abundant. Resident.

Red-shouldered Hawk, Falco lineatus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. 86. Young.

Winter Falcon, Falco hyemalis, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 73. Adult.

Falco hyemalis, Bonap. Syn. p. 33.

Winter Falcon or Red-shouldered Hawk, Falco hyemalis, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 106.

Red-shouldered Hawk, Falco lineatus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 296; v. v. p. 380.

Winter Hawk, Falco hyemalis, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 364. Young.

10. 6. Buteo Pennsylvanicus, Wils. Broad-winged Buzzard

Plate XCI. Fig. 1. Male. Fig. 2. Female.

General colour of upper parts umber-brown; quills blackish-brown, the greater part of their inner webs whitish, with narrow dusky bands; tail with three very broad bands of dark brown; alternating with two broad white bands, and the tips brownish-white; cheeks reddish-brown, with a dark mystachial band; lower parts yellowish-white, barred with light brown, that colour predominating anteriorly. Female similar, lighter above, more tinged with red beneath, where the spots are larger and more irregular. Young with the upper parts brown, streaked and spotted with white; the tail light greyish-brown, with seven dusky bars; lower parts yellowish-white, longitudinally marked with linear-oblong brown spots.

Male, 16, 38. Female, 19.

From Maryland to Nova Scotia. Rare in the interior.

Broad-winged Hawk, Falco Pennsylvanicus, Wils. Amer. Ornith. v. vi. p. 92.

Falco Pennsylvanicus, Bonap. Syn. p. 29.

Broad-winged Hawk, Falco Pennsylvanicus, Nutt. Man. v. i. p. 105.

Broad-winged Hawk, Falco Pennsylvanicus, Aud. Orn. Biog. v. i. p. 461, v. v. p. 377.

11. 7. Buteo lagopus, Vigors. Rough-legged Buzzard

Plate CCCCXXII. Fig. 1. Old Male. Fig. 2. Young, first winter.

Plate CLXVI. Male. Middle age.

Tarsi feathered in their whole length. Adult male with the general colour of the plumage blackish-brown; the forehead and a large patch on the hind neck white, streaked with blackish-brown; all the feathers of the back, the scapulars, the wing-coverts, the quills, and the tail-feathers, white toward the base, and more or less barred with whitish-grey, or brown; axillar feathers, some of those on the sides, and some of the tibial feathers, with the lower tail-coverts similarly marked; the white forming a conspicuous patch on the under surface of the wing, occupying the greater part of the primaries as well as part of the inner webs of the secondaries; tail brownish-black, barred with greyish-white, there being six black bands on the middle feathers, the last very broad. Female of a uniform dark chocolate-brown, the tail banded, and the same parts white as in the male. Young with the head and neck streaked with umber-brown, and yellowish-white; back umber-brown, variegated with light reddish-brown and yellowish-white; quills dark brown towards the end, the outer webs of the first tinged with grey, the base of all white, that colour extending farther on the secondaries, of most of which, and of some of the primaries, the inner web is irregularly barred with brown; tail white at the base, brown toward the end, with a broad subterminal bar of brownish-black, the tips brownish-white; middle and hind part of the breast, with the sides, brownish-black, the rest of the lower parts pale yellowish-red, streaked or barred with dusky.

Male, 211/2, 511/2. Female, 23.

From Maryland northward. Columbia River. Not met with in the interior. Migratory. Not very abundant.

Black Hawk, Falco niger, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. vi. p. 82. Adult.

Falco lagopus, Bonap. Syn. p. 32. Young.

Falco Sanci-Johannis, Bonap. Syn. p. 32. Adult.

Buteo lagopus, Rough-legged Buzzard, Swains. & Rich. F. Bor. Amer. v. ii. p. 52.

Rough-legged Falcon, Falco lagopus, Wils. Amer. Orn. v. iv. p. 59, Young; v. v. p. 216, Adult and Young.