Читать книгу The Bible in American Law and Politics - John R. Vile - Страница 9
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| ca. 405 | St. Jerome publishes a complete translation of the Bible into Latin. His version will be a primary means to accessing the Bible for individuals unfamiliar with Hebrew and Greek for the next thousand years. |
| 1378 | John Wycliffe publishes De veritate Sacrae Scripturae (On the Truth of Sacred Scripture). |
| 1388 | Followers of John Wycliffe publish the first complete English edition of the Bible from the Latin Vulgate. |
| 1453 | Johannes Gutenberg invents the printing press. The first book that he prints, in Latin, is the Bible. The fall of Constantinople (today’s Istanbul) sends scholars of Greek westward. |
| 1492 | Christopher Columbus, who was seeking to get to China by sailing west from Europe, leads the first of four voyages to America. Spain expels all Jews. |
| 1517 | Martin Luther nails theses on a church door and initiates the Protestant Reformation. |
| 1522 | Martin Luther publishes the first New Testament in German. |
| 1525 | William Tyndale publishes an English New Testament based on Erasmus’s Greek. |
| 1534 | King Henry VIII of England breaks with the Catholic Church and creates the Church of England. |
| 1535 | Miles Coverdale, a student of Tyndale, produces an English Bible. |
| 1540 | First authorized English version of the Bible (variously known as the Great Bible, the Cromwell Bible, or the Cranmer Bible) is published based largely on an earlier translation by William Tyndale. |
| 1560 | Exiles from England in Switzerland publish the Geneva Bible in English. It is the first English Bible with verse numbers. |
| 1603 | British settlers land in Jamestown, Virginia. |
| 1604 | The Hampton Court Conference decides to translate the Bible into English. 1609–1610 The Rheims-Douai Bible becomes the first Roman Catholic Bible published in English. |
| 1611 | The King James Version of the Bible is published in England. It is compiled by forty-seven scholars and polished by Miles Smith, widely known for his knowledge of ancient languages. |
| 1618 | Beginning of the Thirty Years’ War pitting Protestants against Catholics in Europe. |
| 1620 | Pilgrims land in North America seeking freedom to practice their religion and enter into the Mayflower Compact. Viewing themselves as the New Israel, they often look upon Native Americans as Canaanites whom they have the right to destroy. |
| xxxiv1630 | John Winthrop composes his “Model of Christian Charity.” |
| 1635 | Roger Williams is banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. |
| 1637 | Puritans burn about five hundred Native Americans to death at Mystic, Connecticut, justifying their actions on the basis of the Old Testament. |
| 1639 | Settlers in Connecticut compose the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut. |
| 1640 | Publication of The Bay Psalm Book. |
| 1644 | Roger Williams publishes a pamphlet advocating religious liberty against John Cotton. |
| 1647 | Massachusetts adopts the Old Deluder Satan Law requiring that towns of fifty or more households establish schools to teach reading and writing. |
| 1663 | John Eliot publishes the first Bible in America, a translation into Wopanaak for local Native Americans, printed in Cambridge, Massachusetts. |
| 1678 | First publication of John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress. |
| 1683 | Algernon Sidney is executed for conspiring against King Charles II. |
| 1688 | The “Glorious Revolution” replaces a Catholic king with a Protestant one. |
| 1739 | Revivalist George Whitefield comes to America and launches the First Great Awakening that continues into the next decade. |
| 1743 | Christopher Sauer publishes the first German Bible (Luther’s translation) in America. |
| 1754 | Beginning of the French and Indian War. |
| 1763 | The end of the French and Indian War ends up with the French transfer of Canada to Great Britain. |
| 1765 | The British Parliament imposes the stamp tax on its North American colonies. |
| 1768 | Boston, Braintree, Charleston, and Lexington, Massachusetts, all declare a day of fasting and prayer to protest the coming of British troops. |
| 1770 | British fire on Americans in the so-called Boston Massacre. |
| 1774 | Rev. Jacob Duché reads a biblical passage and delivers a prayer before the First Continental Congress. Virginia declares June 1 as a day of fasting and prayer. |
| 1775 | Patrick Henry gives his famous “Give me liberty or give me death” speech at St. Johns Church in Richmond, Virginia. Fighting breaks out at Lexington and Concord between American and British troops. The Continental Congress declares July 20 as a day of humiliation and prayer. On July 29, the Continental Congress creates the American chaplaincy. |
| 1776 | Thomas Paine publishes Common Sense, in which he argues from Scripture that God opposed monarchy. Lutheran pastor Peter Muhlenberg is said to have taken off his clerical garb at the end of a sermon to his Woodstock, Virginia, congregation to reveal that he has signed up as an officer in the state militia. Thomas Jefferson authors and the Second Continental Congress adopts the Declaration of Independence. |
| xxxv1781 | General Charles Cornwallis surrenders British troops to George Washington at Yorktown, Virginia. |
| 1782 | Robert Aitken publishes the first full-length Bible in the United States, the only such Bible ever to be officially authorized by Congress. |
| 1783 | The Treaty of Paris brings an official end to the Revolutionary War. |
| 1786 | The Virginia legislature adopts Jefferson’s “Bill for Establishing Religious Freedom,” which disestablished the state church. |
| 1787 | Delegates from twelve states meet in Philadelphia to draw up a new Constitution to replace that under the Articles of Confederation. |
| 1789 | George Washington is inaugurated as the first U.S. president. |
| 1790 | Matthew Carey of Philadelphia publishes the first edition of the “Douai” (Catholic) Bible, and only the second Bible in English, in America. |
| 1791 | Ratification of the first ten amendments, now referred to as the Bill of Rights. |
| 1794 | Thomas Paine released the first part of The Age of Reason, which attacks the trustworthiness of the Bible. |
| 1801 | As many as twenty-five thousand people gather for revival services in Cane Ridge, Kentucky. |
| 1802 | On New Year’s Day, the Baptist leader John Leland delivers a 1,235-pound mammoth cheese to the White House with the words “Rebellion to tyrants is obedience to God.” |
| 1804 | Founding of the British and Foreign Bible Society. |
| 1808 | Charles Thomson, former secretary of the Continental Congress, publishes the first English translation of the Greek Septuagint. U.S. bans slave trade. |
| 1812 | Beginning of America’s second war with Great Britain. |
| 1814 | Francis Scott Key writes “The Star-Spangled Banner.” Biblica Hebraica becomes the first Hebrew Bible published in the United States. |
| 1816 | The American Bible Society is organized. |
| 1820 | The Missouri Controversy exposes deepening divisions in the United States over slavery. |
| 1826 | In what many citizens interpret as a providential sign, both Thomas Jefferson and John Adams die on the fiftieth anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. |
| 1827 | Presbyterian Ezra Stiles Ely calls upon Protestant Christians to form “a Christian party in politics.” |
| 1830 | First publication of the Book of Mormon. |
| xxxvi1831 | James Monroe dies on the anniversary of the signing of the Declaration of Independence. William Lloyd Garrison publishes the first issue of his abolitionist news magazine, The Liberator. Nat Turner leads a slave rebellion in Virginia. |
| 1833 | Great Britain bans slavery within all its territories. Noah Webster publishes a revised edition of the King James Bible. Massachusetts becomes the last state to disestablish its official church. |
| 1834 | James Madison composes his “Advice to My Country” with its reference to a serpent in paradise. |
| 1836 | The American Temperance Union is formed. |
| 1842 | A Dominican friar publicly burns some Bibles in Champlain, New York, that had been distributed by a Protestant Bible society. |
| 1843 | Date first predicted by William Miller for the second coming to Earth of Christ. |
| 1844 | Anti-Catholic riots break out in Philadelphia, in part stimulated by whether public schools should continue to read from the King James Version of the Bible. Joseph Smith runs as an independent for president but is killed by a mob in Illinois. Individuals gather to await the second coming of Christ, which was predicted by William Miller; this is sometimes called the Great Disappointment. |
| 1848 | The American Missionary Association starts a fund to provide the Bible to southern slaves. |
| 1852 | Frederick Douglass uses the Fourth of July to deliver a Scripture-laden sermon condemning slavery. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints (LDS) announces that it accepts plural marriages. |
| 1853 | Isaac Lester publishes the first Jewish translation of the Hebrew Scriptures into English. |
| 1859 | Biologist Charles Darwin publishes On the Origin of Species, which undermines traditional interpretations of the biblical book of Genesis. |
| 1861 | Abraham Lincoln becomes the first Republican president of the United States. Beginning of the Civil War. First Bibles ever published in the South are published by the Southwestern Publishing House in Nashville. |
| 1863 | Lincoln delivers the Gettysburg Address. |
| 1865 | Lincoln gives his second inaugural address. |
| 1865 | End of the Civil War. Assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. Adoption of the Thirteenth Amendment prohibiting slavery. |
| 1867 | The first of numerous meetings of the Bible and Prophecy Conference Movement. |
| xxxvii1868 | Adoption of the Fourteenth Amendment providing citizenship for all persons born or naturalized in the United States and guaranteeing them certain fundamental rights. |
| 1872 | The Ohio Supreme Court upholds a decision by the Cincinnati School Board to remove the Bible from the public school curriculum. |
| 1874 | Creation of the Women’s Christian Temperance Union. |
| 1875 | Mary Baker Eddy publishes Science and Health. |
| 1876 | Catholic bishop James Gibbons of Richmond, Virginia, publishes The Faith of Our Fathers: Being a Plain Exposition and Vindication of the Church Founded by Our Lord Jesus Christ. The American Publishing Company of Hartford, Connecticut, publishes the first complete translation of the Bible into English by a woman, Julia E. Smith. |
| 1878 | William L. Blackstone publishes Jesus Is Coming, which raises millennial expectations. The Niagara Conference adopts a fourteen-point creed that serves as a foundation for twentieth-century Protestant fundamentalism. |
| 1879 | Henry George publishes Progress and Poverty advocating a single land tax. |
| 1880 | Founding of the American branch of the Salvation Army. |
| 1881 | First publication of the Revised Version of the Bible in America. |
| 1883 | Mary Baker Eddy publishes her Key to the Scriptures, which becomes the basis of Christian Science. |
| 1890 | Wilford Woodruff, the LDS president, says that God had instructed him that his church should abandon polygamy. |
| 1891 | The Blackstone Petition is presented to President Harrison, calling upon him to call a conference in support of resettling the Jewish in Palestine. |
| 1893 | The Anti-Saloon League is formed. |
| 1896 | Utah, whose entry had been long delayed by concern over prior Mormon beliefs in polygamy, is admitted as the forty-fifth state after its leaders renounce this doctrine. |
| 1898 | Numerous pastors view the Spanish-American War as a way of fulfilling America’s destiny to spread liberty and Christianity. |
| 1899 | The Gideons are founded in Janesville, Wisconsin, for the purpose of distributing copies of the Bible for free. |
| 1901 | Publication of the American Standard Version of the Bible, revising King James. |
| 1906 | Sermons by William J. Seymour initiate the Azusa Street revivals in southern California. |
| 1909 | The publication of the Scofield Reference Bible, the notes to which furthered the ideas of premillennial dispensationalism. 1910–1915 Princeton University professors and others publish a twelve-volume collection known as The Fundamentals: A Testimony to the Truth that lays the basis for American fundamentalism. |
| 1917 | The United States enters World War I on the side of the Allies. The Jewish Publication Society publishes a translation of the Hebrew Bible into English. |
| xxxviii1919 | The Eighteenth Amendment provides for national alcoholic prohibition. American fundamentalists, convened by William Bell Riley, gather in Philadelphia to form the World’s Christian Fundamentals Association. |
| 1920 | The Nineteenth Amendment, prohibiting discrimination against women in voting, is adopted. |
| 1923 | Professor Edgar J. Goodspeed of the University of Chicago publishes the first so-called American version of the New Testament but is widely criticized for using idioms. |
| 1925 | The Scopes Trial highlights the widening gaps between American fundamentalism and liberalism. |
| 1929 | The collapse of the stock market signals the beginning of the Great Depression. |
| 1933 | Franklin D. Roosevelt gives his first presidential inaugural address. |
| 1941 | President Roosevelt proclaims the week of Thanksgiving to be National Bible Week. |
| 1945 | The dropping of two atomic bombs on Japanese cities provides a prototype for another way that the world might one day end. |
| 1947 | First publication of the Revised Standard Version of the New Testament in the United States. |
| 1948 | The modern state of Israel is created and is quickly recognized by President Harry S. Truman. This development stirs increased millennial expectations. |
| 1950 | L. Ron Hubbard first publishes his Dianetics: The Modern Science of Mental Health. |
| 1952 | Publication of the Revised Standard Version of the Bible is endorsed by the National Council of Churches. |
| 1953 | The first National Prayer Breakfast is held. |
| 1954 | Congress adds the words “Under God” to the pledge to the American flag. The U.S. Supreme Court rules that racial discrimination violates the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. |
| 1960 | John F. Kennedy becomes the first Roman Catholic to be elected as U.S. president. |
| 1962 | The U.S. Supreme Court declares that public devotional prayer is unconstitutional in state-supported schools. |
| 1963 | President John F. Kennedy is assassinated. The U.S. Supreme Court outlaws devotional readings of the Bible in public schools. |
| 1966 | The American Bible Society publishes Today’s English Version of the Bible, the New Testament part of which is entitled Good News for Modern Man. |
| xxxix1967 | Israel defeats an Arab attack and takes new territory including Jerusalem, sparking hopes among evangelical Christians that they might rebuild the temple and hasten the second coming of Christ. |
| 1970 | Hal Lindsey publishes The Late Great Planet Earth, stirring renewed millennial expectations. |
| 1973 | The U.S. Supreme Court legalizes most abortions in the first and second trimesters of pregnancy. |
| 1974 | President Richard M. Nixon resigns from office after impeachment proceedings begin in the aftermath of the Watergate scandal. |
| 1976 | The United States celebrates the bicentennial of the Declaration of Independence. Jimmy Carter defeats Gerald Ford for the presidency. Newsweek magazine declares 1976 to be the “Year of the Evangelical.” |
| 1977 | Dr. James Dobson creates Focus on the Family. |
| 1979 | Rev. Jerry Falwell founds the Moral Majority, designed to support conservative causes. |
| 1983 | President Ronald Reagan delivers his “Evil Empire” Speech. President Reagan, at congressional request, declares the Year of the Bible. |
| 1985 | The Jewish Publication Society publishes a translation of the Hebrew Bible into English called the Tanakh. |
| 1986 | President Ronald Reagan inscribes a Bible for Oliver North to deliver to Iranians with whom he was negotiating the sale of weapons in exchange for the release of hostages in Lebanon. |
| 1987 | The United States celebrates the bicentennial of the U.S. Constitution. |
| 2008 | Barack Obama becomes the first African American to be elected as president of the United States. |
| 2012 | Republicans nominate Mitt Romney, a member of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-Day Saints, for president, but he loses the election to Barack Obama. |
| 2016 | Donald J. Trump is elected as president. The American Bible Society moves its headquarters from New York to Philadelphia. |
| 2017 | The Museum of the Bible opens in Washington, DC. President Trump decides to move the U.S. embassy in Israel from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem. |
| 2019 | President Trump faces impeachment charges over whether he withheld money from Ukraine until it agreed to investigate the son of a Trump political opponent. |
| 2020 | The American Bible Society plans to open its Faith and Discovery Center in Philadelphia, near Independence Hall. |
For Reference and Further Reading
Hallihan, C. P. 2010. The Authorised Version: A Wonderful and Unfinished History. London: Trinitarian Bible Society.
