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Contents

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

PHOTO CREDITS

INTRODUCTION

AN OVERVIEW OF ISLAM

Origins and Early Expansion

Historical Context

Prophet and Early Community

Foundations of the Faith

Islam in the Century after Muhammad

ISLAM’S GROWTH INTO A GLOBAL COMMUNITY

The Arabicate Sphere

The Persianate Sphere

The Turkic Sphere

The Sub-Saharan African Sphere

The Malay (or Southeast Asian) Sphere

Islam and Europe

The Broader Islamic Religious Landscape

Intersection of Theology and Politics: A Major Historical Example

POLITICS AND CONTEMPORARY GLOBAL AFFAIRS

Muslim Populations Today

Radical Political Activist and Religiously Idealist Factions

Islam and Violence

Islam and the Message of Peace

Religion and Politics

Concerns of Twenty-first Century Muslims

Islam and Conflict in the Middle East

The Perceived Conflict between “Islam and the West”

Islam in the United States

SACRED SOURCES AND THEIR INTERPRETATION

Quran: General Considerations and Background

Major Themes in the Quran

Interpreting the Sacred Scripture

Hadith: Traditions of and about Muhammad

Quran and Hadith in Islamic Life and Spirituality

ESSENTIAL BELIEFS

Unity and Diversity in a Global Community of Faith

Creed and Islamic Tradition

God, Revelation, and Prophets

Islamic Eschatological Themes

Spiritual Powers and Wonders

Fundamentals of Faith and Action

SYMBOLS, RITUALS, AND REGULAR OBSERVANCES

Signs and Symbols

Ordinary Ritual Practices

Sacred Time

Sacred Space

Seasonal, Functional, and Commemorative Observances

Rites of Passage

THEMES IN ISLAMIC SPIRITUALITY

Spirituality and Theological Anthropology

Spiritual Values and Everyday Life Experience

Spiritual Models and Exemplars

Prayer and Mysticism

Forgiveness, Hope, Community, and Service

AUTHORITY, LAW, AND ETHICS

Authority Roles and Structures of Leadership

Methods and Procedures in Sacred Law (Sharia)

Fundamental Ethical Principles

Biomedical and Reproductive Ethics and Legal Issues

Family Law and Ethical Issues

Human Rights and Social Justice

Law, Ethics, Violence, and Warfare

ISLAM AND OTHER FAITHS

Similarities among Faiths

Overlapping Claims to Sacred Real Estate

Inter-religious Encounters

Historical Muslim Attitudes toward Christians and Vice Versa

Moving Forward to Mutual Understanding

CULTURE AND RELIGION

Inculturation and Islamization

Gender, Family, Ethnicity

Christian–Muslim Cultural Conflict in History and Literature

Cultural Differences and Contemporary Muslim–Christian Misunderstanding

KNOWLEDGE, SCHOLARSHIP, AND THE ISLAMIC HUMANITIES

Learning and the Islamic Sense of History

Islam and Philosophy

Islam and Theology

Traditionalism, Reformers, Liberation Theology

Islamic Humanities and Inter-cultural Connections

Mystical Theology and Inter-religious Connections

AESTHETICS, LITERATURE, THE VISUAL AND SPATIAL ARTS

Aesthetics, Faith, and Creativity

Varieties of Islamic Literature: Prose

Varieties of Islamic Literature: Poetry

The “Smaller” Visual Arts

Islamic Religious Architecture

APPENDIX A: MAJOR MUSLIM DYNASTIES

APPENDIX B: MAJOR CULTURAL CENTERS

APPENDIX C: MAJOR SCHOOLS OF RELIGIOUS LAW

APPENDIX D: TEN COMMANDMENTS AND ISLAMIC PARALLELS

APPENDIX E: MAJOR SUFI ORDERS

APPENDIX F: RELIGIOUS TEXTS ON VIOLENCE QUIZ

FURTHER READING

GLOSSARY

TIMELINE

INDEX