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Abbreviations

AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (Kuwait)
AI artificial intelligence
AKP Justice and Development Party (Turkey)
AROQA Arab Organization for Quality Assurance in Education
ASU Arab Socialist Union (Egypt)
AUB American University of Beirut
AUC American University in Cairo
BAU business as usual
CAU Cadi Ayyad University (Morocco)
CBE competency-based education
CMI Center for Mediterranean Integration (World Bank)
CNRS-L National Council for Scientific Research, Lebanon
EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ECOSOC United Nations Economics and Social Council
ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (United Nations)
EU European Union
FTE full-time equivalent
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
GDP gross domestic product
GER gross enrollment ratio
GERD general expenditures on research and development
ICT information and communications technology
IFI international financial institution
IHL institution of higher learning
IMF International Monetary Fund
KAUST King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (Saudi Arabia)
KPI key performance indicator
LMD license, master, doctorat
MENA Middle East and North Africa
MOOC massive open online course
MVU Mohammed V University (Morocco)
MVUA Mohammed V University, Agdal (Morocco)
MVUS Mohammed V University, Souissi (Morocco)
NDP National Democratic Party (Egypt)
NGO nongovernmental organization
NUS National University of Singapore
OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries
OCP Office Chérifien des Phosphates (Morocco)
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
OPEC Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries
PKK Kurdish Workers’ Party
R&D research and development
RORE rate of return to education
SCU Supreme Council of Universities (Egypt)
SME small and medium enterprise
SOE state-owned enterprise
SPC Syrian Protestant College (Lebanon)
STEM science, technology, engineering, and mathematics
SUT Sharif University of Technology (Iran)
TÜBITAK Scientific and Technological Research Council (Turkey)
UAE United Arab Emirates
UAR United Arab Republic
UK United Kingdom
UN United Nations
UNAM Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
US United States
USAID United States Agency for International Development
USJ Université Saint-Joseph (Lebanon)
WHO World Health Organization
YÖK Council of Higher Education (Turkey)
Missions Impossible

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