Читать книгу Understanding Anatomy and Physiology in Nursing - John Knight - Страница 146

Chronic respiratory diseases, such as the asthma affecting Jake, are routinely encountered and managed by nurses. Since the respiratory tract is in constant contact with the external environment, it is vulnerable to infection from pathogens and physical damage from toxic irritants. A significant problem in the UK and throughout the world is smoking, which progressively damages the airway and lung tissue, increasing the risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and other lung diseases, including cancer. This chapter will focus on the primary role of the respiratory tract in facilitating gaseous exchange.

We will begin by examining the structure and function of the upper and lower respiratory tract and the nature of the conduction and respiratory zones. Since nurses need a thorough understanding of the mechanics of breathing, we will explore the physical principles of inhalation and exhalation and identify the principal lung volumes and capacities. The process of gaseous exchange across the alveolar wall will be described together with the mechanisms of oxygen and carbon dioxide transport in the blood.

We will conclude the chapter by examining how breathing is controlled and how the breathing rate may influence the pH of the blood, contributing to acid base balance. Throughout the chapter we will reinforce key points with exercises and case studies highlighting common pathologies routinely encountered by nurses in clinical practice.