Читать книгу American Democracy in Context - Joseph A. Pika - Страница 94

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The details in the card are as follows.

Kansas City, Missouri Police Department

Adult Miranda Warning

1. You have the right to remain silent.

2. Anything you say can and will be used against you in a court of law.

3. You have the right to talk to a lawyer and have him present with you while you are being questioned.

4. If you cannot afford to hire a lawyer, one will be appointed to represent you before any questioning, if you wish.

5. You can decide at any time to exercise these rights and not answer any questions or make any statements.

Adult Waiver

After the warning and in order to secure a waiver the following questions should be asked and an affirmative reply secured to each question.

1. Do you understand each of these rights I have explained to you?

2. Having these rights in mind, do you wish to talk to us now?

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Revere’s engraving of the Boston Massacre shows a row of armed men firing on the right and a few men lying dead on the street to the left. Another man who is wounded is being carried away by others. A few women are also shown standing behind them, one of whom is wringing her hands. A man is shown standing with his hand in his pocket looking to the side. A dog is standing in front looking at the soldiers firing. Most of the civilians are dressed in breeches, coat, waistcoat, and a hat.

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The details are as follows.

Three dollars.

State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.

Number 2298. Three dollars.

The possessor of this bill shall be paid three Spanish milled dollars by the thirty-fifth day of December, one thousand seven hundred and eight-six, with interest in like money, at the rate of five per centum per annum, by the state of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, according to an act of the legislature of the said state, of the second day of July, 1780.

Annual interest: 0 s; 10 d; 3 q

Monthly interest: 0 s; 0 d; 3 ½ q

A signature on the right bottom.

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The details are as follows.

 Bicameral legislatureHouse 1: Representatives elected directly by people, with proportional voting powerHouse 2: Representatives selected by state legislatures, with proportional voting power

 Executive Branch: unspecified size to enforce the law

 Judicial Branch: one or more supreme tribunals plus inferior courts, with judges appointed for life by the legislature

Bicameral legislature, Judicial branch, and Executive branch are connected in a circle.

Lines from Judicial Branch and Executive branch join to lead to: Council of revision—consisting of members of the executive and judicial branches to review every act of the legislature before it shall become law.

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The three branches are connected in a circle. The details are as follows.

 Unicameral Legislature: Representatives selected by state legislature, with each state having one vote

 Executive Branch: Multiple executive officers with limited power rather than a single president

 Supreme Court: One supreme tribunal, with judges appointed for life by the executive branch

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The details of slaves as a percentage of state population are as follows.

 0% to 4.9%:New Hampshire: 0.7%Massachusetts: 1.3%Pennsylvania: 2.3%Connecticut: 2.5%

 5.0 to 9.9%:Rhode Island: 5.8%New York and New Jersey: 7.6%

 10.0 to 29.9%:Maryland: 21.3%Delaware: 22.0%North Carolina: 26.9%

 30.0 to 39.9%:Georgia: 36.1%

 Equal to or more than 40%:Virginia: 40.9%South Carolina: 43.8%

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The diagram shows labelled arrows connecting the three branches of the government.

The arrows indicate the direction of a check that one branch exerts over the other.

The details are as follows.

 Executive branch:Arrow to Legislative branch:Authority to call special sessions of CongressPower to wage warPower to veto billsArrow to Judicial branch:Power to grant reprieves and pardonsNominate judges to fill vacancies in the courts

 Judicial branch:Arrow to Executive branch:Power to interpret laws and executive actionsPower of judicial reviewJudges have life tenureChief justice presides over impeachment trial of presidentArrow to Legislative branch:Power to interpret lawsPower of judicial review

 Legislative branch:Arrow to Executive branch:Power to confirm or reject nominations submitted by the presidentPower to impeachPower to override presidential vetoesControl appropriationsPower to ratify or reject treatiesPower to declare warArrow to Judicial branch:Power to create lower courts and determine their jurisdictionsPower to impeachPower to alter the Supreme Court’s appellate jurisdiction

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The horizontal axis shows the percent of respondents who have “quite a lot” or a “great deal” of confidence in government and American institutions.

The details are as follows.

The military: 73%

Small business: 68%

The church or organized religion: 36%

The presidency: 38%

The U.S. Supreme Court: 38%

Congress: 11%

Note: The framers thought that Congress would be the most important governmental institution. How do people feel about it today, based on the findings shown here?

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The horizontal axis shows the views and the vertical axis shows the percent of responses.

The details are as follows.

 Too much power: 53%

 About the right amount: 38%

 Too little: 8%

Note: What does this figure tell us about how Americans view the power of the central government today? Are the concerns expressed in this poll valid?

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The details are as follows.

Proposal:

 Proposal by two-thirds vote of both houses of Congress: Used 33 times; Arrows point to:Ratification:Passage by three-quarters of state legislatures: Used 26 timesPassage by three-quarters of special state conventions: Used once to repeal Prohibition

 Proposal by two-thirds vote of national convention called by Congress on request of two-thirds of state legislatures: Has never been used