Читать книгу Oceans For Dummies - Joseph Kraynak - Страница 3

1  Cover

2  Title Page

3  Copyright

4  Introduction About This Book Foolish Assumptions Icons Used in This Book Beyond the Book Where to Go from Here

5  Part 1: Getting Started with Your Ocean Voyage Chapter 1: Brushing Up on Ocean Fundamentals Taking a Nickel Tour of the Ocean(s) Going with the Flow: The Physical Properties of the Ocean Meeting the Ocean’s Inhabitants Exploring the Complex and Evolving Human-Ocean Relationship Chapter 2: Appreciating the Ocean’s Many Gifts Supplying Over Half of the World’s Oxygen Playing a Key Role in Regulating Climate and Weather Producing Protein for Billions of People Contributing Trillions to the Global Economy Serving as a Source of Mystery and Wonder Chapter 3: Looking Back at the Ocean’s History (and Prehistory) Discovering How the Ocean Got Its Start Tracing the Evolution of Ocean Life Taking the Earth’s Present Evolutionary Pulse Looking Ahead: What’s in Store for the Ocean’s Future?

6  Part 2: Finding Your Way Around Chapter 4: Mapping the Ocean by Zones Dividing the Ocean into Three Horizontal Zones Exploring the Five Vertical Zones of the Water Column Acknowledging the Existence of Other Zones Chapter 5: Checking Out the Neighborhoods: The Ocean’s Ecosystems Hugging the Shore Swimming through Kelp Forests Swirling in Sargasso: A Sea without Borders Grazing in the Seagrass Meadows Building Their Own Communities: Reefs Chilling Out at the Poles Living Under Extreme Conditions: Deep Ocean Ecosystems Moving Out and About: Migratory Species Chapter 6: Taking a Deeper Dive: Beneath the Ocean Grasping the Basics of Plate Tectonics Tracing the Contours of the Seafloor Chipping Away at Ocean Rock and Sediment Checking Out Deep-Sea Cores

7  Part 3: Sampling the Vast Diversity of Sea Life Chapter 7: Getting to Know the Mighty Microbes Meeting the Marine Microbes Recognizing the Importance of Microbes Looking at the Relationship between Microbes and Plankton Chapter 8: Sorting Out Algae, Seaweed, and Other Aquatic Vegetation All You Need to Know about Algae, and Then Some Shoring Up the Shoreline with Mangroves Not Your Typical Lawn: Seagrass Checking Out What’s Growing in the Salt Marshes Chapter 9: Getting the Lowdown on Simple Invertebrates Sponges and Other Holy Creatures: The Porifera Jellyfish, Anemones, and Other Notable Cnidarians Ctenophora (Comb Jellies) Starfish, Urchins, and Other Famous Echinoderms Squirmy Wormies: The Annelids Chapter 10: Getting Mushy over Mollusks Meet the Mother of All Mollusks Gastropods: Putting Their One Foot Forward Bivalves: Parts One and Two Cephalopods: Head and Tentacles Above the Rest Chapter 11: Wearing Their Skeletons on the Outside: Crustaceans What Makes a Crustacean a Crustacean? The Shrimpy Crustaceans: Branchiopoda Real Softies: Malacostraca (Soft-Shell Crustaceans) A New Twist on Putting Your Foot in Your Mouth: Maxillopoda Crustacean Cave Dwellers: The Remipedia Ostracoda What about Horseshoe Crabs? Chapter 12: Getting Chummy with Fish: Bony and Otherwise Look Ma, No Jaw! Agnatha Look Pa, No Bones! Chondrichthyes Check Out the Bones! Osteichthyes Chapter 13: Meeting a Few Marine Reptiles Everybody’s Favorite: Sea Turtles Will the Real Sea Serpent Please Slither Forward? The Only Lizard to Make the Cut: Marine Iguanas Saltwater Crocodiles Chapter 14: Bird Watching in and Near the Ocean Knowing What Makes a Bird a Shorebird or a Seabird Flying Way Below the Radar: Penguins Going Loony Courting Grebes Tubular, Dude! Albatross, Petrels, Shearwaters, and Fulmars Pelicans and Other Pelecaniformes Phaethontidae — Tropicbirds Sea Ducks and Geese: The Saltwater Variety A Curious Mix: The Charadriiformes Ospreys, Herons, Flamingos, and Other Seaside Attractions Chapter 15: Getting Warm and Fuzzy with Marine Mammals What Makes Marine Mammals So Special? Getting Acquainted with the Cetaceans: Whales, Dolphins, and Porpoises Swimming with the Sirenians: Manatees and Dugongs Seals, Walruses, and Other Pinnipeds Stepping Out with the Marine Fissipeds

8  Part 4: Grasping Basic Ocean Physics Chapter 16: Following the Ocean in Motion Meeting the World’s Largest Wave Machine Upwelling and Downwelling in the Water Column Riding the Currents: The Ocean’s Global Conveyor Belt Knowing Where the Winds Blow Going Round and Round with Gyres Following the Ups and Downs of Sea Levels Chapter 17: Driving Climate and Weather Understanding the Ocean’s Role in Climate and Weather Letting Off Some Steam Understanding Climate Change and Global Warming

9  Part 5: Understanding the Human-Ocean Connection Chapter 18: Taking a Quick Dip into the History of Underwater Exploration Getting to the Bottom of Things Setting Up Shop in Underwater Research Stations Checking Out Other Ocean Monitoring Gadgets and Technologies Chapter 19: Tapping the Ocean’s Resources: The Blue Economy Supplying the World’s Seafood Diet Tapping the Sea as a Source for Fresh Water Shipping Goods ‘Round the World Digging Up Gold, Diamonds, and Other Valuables: Deep-Sea Mining Harnessing the Ocean’s Energy Resources Discovering New Medications Capitalizing on Tourism and Recreation Accounting for a Few Ancillary Ocean Benefits Chapter 20: Governing the Ocean: Treaties, Laws, Agreements, and Enforcement Recognizing the Two Systems of Law That Govern the Seas Establishing Sovereign and International Jurisdictions Policing the Ocean and Enforcing the Laws Chapter 21: Taking Care of the Ocean That Takes Care of Us Keeping Tabs on Ocean Health Zeroing in on the Problems Coming Up with Solutions

10  Part 6: The Part of Tens Chapter 22: Ten Deadly Ocean Creatures Saltwater Crocodiles Fugu Fish Killer Whales Blue-Ringed Octopus Sea Snake Stone Fish Sharks (But Not All of Them) Cone Snails Box Jellyfish Humans Chapter 23: Ten Ocean Myths Busted Melting Sea Ice Increases Sea Levels Sharks Must Swim Constantly to Survive Some Penguins Can Fly Salt Water Kills Bacteria Seawater Is Just Salty Water Waterspouts Are Tornadoes Over Water The Great Pacific Garbage Patch Is a Solid Mat of Plastic All Jellies Can Sting Humans The Ocean Is Blue Because It Reflects the Color of the Sky Nothing Lives in the Middle of the Ocean Chapter 24: Ten Ways You Can Help Preserve the Ocean Reduce Your Carbon Footprint Steer Clear of Plastics Make Sustainable Seafood Choices Use Ocean-Friendly Sunscreen Don’t Buy Products That Exploit Marine Life Vote for the Ocean with an Environmental Conscience Defend Your Drain: Use Natural Products Protect Your Local Watershed Make It a Family Affair Join and Support Ocean Conservation Organizations

11  Index

12  About the Authors

13  Connect with Dummies

14  End User License Agreement