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1.

On Zoroastrianism in general, see Jacques Duchesne-Guillemin, “Zoroastrianism,” Encyclopædia Britannica, July 10, 2019, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Zoroastrianism; “Zoroastrianism,” BBC, 2014, http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/zoroastrian/; and “Zoroastrianism,” Wikipedia, updated January 6, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoroastrianism. On Angra Mainyu, see “Angra Mainyu,” Wikipedia, updated January 4, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angra_Mainyu.

2.

Cahal Milmo, “Iraq Crisis: ISIS Video Calls on British Muslims to Join in Jihad as ‘Cure for Depression,’” Independent, June 29, 2014, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/iraq-crisis-isis-video-calls-on-british-muslims-to-join-in-jihad-as-cure-for-depression-9552937.html.

3.

Hamid Dabashi, The World of Persian Literary Humanism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012), 58.

4.

Dabashi, Persian Literary Humanism, 83.

5.

See L. H. Mills, trans., Avesta: Yasna: Sacred Liturgy and Gathas/Hymns of Zarathushtra, from Sacred Books of the East, ed. Max Muller, American ed. (1898; Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1879–1910), http://avesta.org/yasna/yasna.htm.

6.

See “Faravahar,” Wikipedia, updated January 5, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faravahar.

7.

See “Fravashi,” Wikipedia, updated December 24, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fravashi.

8.

See A. J. Arberry, Sufism: An Account of the Mystics of Islam (1950; Abingdon, UK: Routledge, 2013), 60; Annemarie Schimmel, “Sufism,” Encyclopædia Britannica, November 20, 2019, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sufism/History; Idries Shah, The Sufis (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1964), 424–25, http://www.spiritual-teaching.org/rishi-sufi-teachings/ewExternalFiles/Idries%20Shah%20-%20The%20Sufis.pdf; and “Mansur Al-Hallaj,” Wikipedia, updated January 8, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansur_Al-Hallaj.

9.

See Megan Specia, “Who Are Sufi Muslims and Why Do Some Extremists Hate Them?” New York Times, November 24, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/24/world/middleeast/sufi-muslim-explainer.html; and “Persecution of Sufis,” Wikipedia, updated December 25, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis.

10.

Quoted in Shah, Sufis, 357.

11.

Ten on Ten, special feature on Ten, directed by Abbas Kiarostami (2002; New York: Zeitgeist Films, 2004), DVD.

12.

Quoted in Shahin Bekhradnia, “Zoroastrianism and the Environment,” World Zoroastrian Organisation, http://www.rsesymposia.org/themedia/File/1151633341-Zoroastrianism.pdf.

13.

See “Gnosticism,” Wikipedia, updated January 1, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnosticism; “Mani (prophet),” Wikipedia, updated December 26, 2019, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mani_(prophet); and “Manichaeism,” Wikipedia, updated January 3, 2020, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manichaeism.

14.

Kiarostami quoted by Alberto Elena, The Cinema of Abbas Kiarostami, trans. Belinda Coombes (London: SAQI Iran Heritage Foundation, 2005), 73.

15.

Quoted in Alberto Elena, The Cinema of Abbas Kiarostami, trans. Belinda Coombes (London: SAQI Iran Heritage Foundation, 2005), 96.

16.

Houman Sharsar, “Sepehri, Sohrab,” Encyclopaedia Iranica, August 15, 2009, http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sepehri-sohrab.

17.

Sharsar, “Sepehri, Sohrab.”

18.

Sharsar, “Sepehri, Sohrab.”

19.

Sharsar, “Sepehri, Sohrab.”

20.

Sharsar, “Sepehri, Sohrab.”

21.

Sharsar, “Sepehri, Sohrab.”

22.

Abbas Kiarostami, “Deep Focus: The Photography of Abbas Kiarostami,” interview by H. G. Masters, 2013, ArtAsiaPacific, July 8, 2016, http://artasiapacific.com/Blog/DeepFocusThePhotographyOfAbbasKiarostami.

23.

Mahmoud Reza Sani, Men at Work: Cinematic Lessons from Abbas Kiarostami, trans. Alireza Lalehfar, foreword by Jean-Claude Carrière (Los Angeles: Mhughes Press, 2013), 13.

24.

Pope Francis, Laudato Si, May 24, 2015, http://w2.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/encyclicals/documents/papa-francesco_20150524_enciclicalaudato-si.html.

25.

Roads of Kiarostami (2005), bonus feature on Shirin, directed by Abbas Kiarostami (2008; New York: Cinema Guild, 2010), DVD.

26.

Sharsar, “Sepehri, Sohrab.”

27.

Roads of Kiarostami (2005), bonus feature on Shirin.