Читать книгу Spatial Regression Models for the Social Sciences - Jun Zhu - Страница 18

Our case study focuses on population changes during the period of 1970 to 2010 at the MCD level in the state of Wisconsin in relation to the spatial and temporal variations of a multitude of explanatory variables. Wisconsin, located in the upper Midwest of the United States, borders Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, and Michigan, as well as the Mississippi River, Lake Michigan, and Lake Superior (Figure 1.1). Wisconsin contains 34.8 million acres (excluding the Mississippi River and Great Lakes areas in the state), and inland lakes constitute 3 percent of the state’s total surface area (Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau, 2005).

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Figure 1.1 ⬢ The geography of Wisconsin, United States

Source: Chi and Marcouiller (2011).

Note: The urbanized areas are based on the 2000 Census Urban Areas.

Although Wisconsin became the thirtieth state in 1848, the written history of the state dates to more than 300 years ago, when around 20,000 Native Americans and French explorers were first arriving (Wisconsin Legislative Reference Bureau, 2005). The years between 1824 and 1861 saw the first wave of immigration to Wisconsin, due to lead mining in the southwestern corner of the state (Figure 1.2). As the years passed, immigration continued, and in the early years of its statehood, Wisconsin became a major area for wheat farming. As the wheat industry moved to the northern and western parts of the state after the Civil War, the lumber industry became important for the northern half of the state (1870s to 1890s), as did the dairy industry for the state as a whole (1880s and 1890s). The heavy machinery and brewing industries grew and developed dramatically in Wisconsin until the end of the nineteenth century. By the middle of the twentieth century, the large-scale European immigration had ended. During this time, the lumber industry faded and the brewing industry disappeared temporarily, while the heavy machinery manufacturing, paper, and dairy industries thrived. Tourism has since emerged as a major industry for the entire state, and other industries have been concentrated in its eastern and southeastern areas. In the 1980s, the state grew less than 4 percent (the smallest increase in the state’s history); the 1990s saw 9.6 percent population growth and the 2000s saw 6.0 percent growth.

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Figure 1.2 ⬢ Wisconsin population growth since 1840

Source: Decennial censuses, U.S. Census Bureau.