Читать книгу Survival Indonesian - Katherine Davidsen - Страница 6
ОглавлениеPART ONE
Essential Language Pointers
This is essential reading to get an overview before you begin trying out phrases.
Indonesian word order is basically the same as English but can be flexible, i.e. subject / verb / object.
| Saya | makan | nasi. |
| I | eat | rice. |
One key difference is that adjectives follow the noun, as in French, e.g.
| Saya | makan | nasi | putih.. | |
| I | eat | rice | white. | (= I eat white rice.) |
One great feature is that, unlike in English, you do not have to worry about tense, plural or gender. When these are shown, they are done so in other, more intuitive ways.
PRONOUNS
SINGULAR
| I | saya, aku (informally or to children) |
| you | usually not stated. You can use anda (a bit stilted) or the person’s name. Kamu is very familiar or for children. Engkau or kau is common in Sumatra. |
| he, she, it | dia |
PLURAL
| we | kita (including person being addressed), |
| kami (excluding person being addressed) | |
| you | kalian. This is a useful word which is neither distant or over-familiar. |
| they | meréka |
These can all be used as adjectives to create possessive pronouns, e.g.
buku saya my book buku kita our book
Sometimes these are abbreviated.
| bukunya | (from buku dia) his or her book, the book |
| bukumu | your (familiar) book |
| bukuku | my (familiar) book |
Sometimes pronouns are omitted in spoken Indonesian, especially when referring to other people, or if who you are referring to is clear from the context of the sentence.
NOUNS
These always come before any adjective describing them, except when counting.
| tas | bag |
| tas biru | blue bag |
| bis | bus |
| bis biru | blue bus |
| uang | money |
| tiga tas biru | three blue bags |
Many words with the affixes ke-an are nouns, often with a more abstract meaning.
uang money; keuangan finance
aman secure, safe; keamanvan security
Per-an is another affix denoting more abstract nouns.
tani farmer; pertanian agriculture
usaha trade, business; perusahaan company
ADJECTIVES
These always follow the noun (or verb) they describe. There is no clear distinction between adjectives and adverbs (which describe verbs).
| biru | blue |
| tas biru | blue bag |
| besar | big |
| tas besar | big bag |
| lama | long, slow, old (of time) |
| tas lama | old bag |
| baik | good, well (of people, situations) |
| tas bagus | good bag |
VERBS
Indonesian is very rich in action words or verbs. There are single words to describe an action using a number of English words, e.g.
| mengamuk | having a tantrum |
| mengupil | picking your nose |
Simple, common words include:
| makan | eat |
| minum | drink |
| datang | come |
| pergi | go |
| naik | ride on, go up |
| tidur | sleep |
More sophisticated meaning can be found in verbs beginning with meN- (where N- represents a variety of possible nasal-sounding endings). Such verbs may end in the suffix -kan (which may denote an object or doing something for someone) or -i (which may suggest repetition or an object which is human).
| mendatangkan | to import (i.e. to bring something to) |
| menaiki | to ride on (a vehicle) |
The meN- prefix changes according to the base word following it. You will learn these through experience rather than trying to memorize the rule.
| me- before l, m, n, r, w, y | melihat, memakan, |
| menaiki, merusakkan, | |
| mewarnai, meyakini | |
| mem- before b, f, v | membuka, memfokus, memvonis |
| men- before c, d, j | mencuci, mendaki, menjemur |
| meng- before all vowels (a e i o u), g, h | mengaku, menggigit, menghias |
| before k, meN- becomes | kawin → mengawinkan |
| meng (the k disappears) | |
| before p, meN- becomes | panas → memanaskan |
| mem (the p disappears) | |
| before s, meN- becomes | suka → menyukai |
| meny (the s disappears) | |
| before t, meN- becomes | tidur → menidurkan |
| men (the t disappears) |
There are a number of tense markers that behave like auxiliary verbs, which are very useful. They often show when something has happened or will happen.
| sudah, telah (more formal) | already |
| belum | not yet |
| tidak | not |
| bukan | not (of an object) |
| sedang, lagi (informal) | in the process of |
| akan | will |
| mau | want to, will |
| bisa | can |
| boléh | allowed, permitted |
| tidak boléh | not allowed |
Have you eaten?
Sudah makan?
Not yet.
Belum
I’m eating.
Sedang makan.
I’m going to.
Mau.
May I eat?
Boléh makan?
ADVERBS
To describe how someone is doing something, add dengan (with) or secara (in the way of) before the word you are describing. This is like adding -ly to English adjectives to make them adverbs, e.g.
| Dia | makan | dengan | lapar. |
| She | eats | with | hunger. |
| (= she eats hungrily) |
| Sari | menyetrika | secara | hati-hati. |
| Sari | irons | in the way of | careful |
| (= Sari irons carefully.) |
You can often leave out dengan or secara.
| Sari | hati-hati | menyetrika. |
| Sari | careful | to iron. (= Sari irons carefully.) |
PREPOSITIONS
The most common preposition is di (in, at).
| Di mana? | Di Jakarta |
| Where? | In Jakarta |
This is a separate word, and not attached like the prefix di-, which makes a verb passive.
| Dilarang | merokok | di | kamar kecil. |
| Forbidden | smoking | in | toilet. |
| (= No smoking in the toilet) |
For time, pada (in, on) is very useful.
| pada jam 10 | at 10 o’clock |
| pada hari Senin | on Monday |
| pada bulan Juni | in June |
| pada tahun 2014 | in 2014 |
You may also hear di for time, but this is slangy and less grammatical.
| to | ke | from | dari |
Almost all other prepositions can take di before them.
| on | di (atas) | in front of | (di) depan |
| over | di atas | next to | di samping |
| under | di bawah | within | di dalam |
| between | (di) antara | around | di sekitar |
| beside | di sebelah | near | di dekat |
| behind | di belakang |
NUMBERS
These are regular and logical. This should be one of the first vocabulary sets you learn!
| 1 | satu |
| 2 | dua |
| 3 | tiga |
| 4 | empat |
| 5 | lima |
| 6 | enam |
| 7 | tujuh |
| 8 | delapan |
| 9 | sembilan |
| 10 | sepuluh (lit. satu puluh or one ten) |
For the numbers 11 to 19 add belas (= teen):
| 11 | sebelas (satu belas) |
| 12 | dua belas |
| 13 | tiga belas, etc. |
For numbers ending in -0 add puluh (= ten):
| 20 | dua puluh |
| 30 | tiga puluh |
| 40 | empat puluh |
| 50 | lima puluh |
Bigger numbers:
| 100 | seratus (= satu ratus) |
| 200 | dua ratus |
| 500 | lima ratus |
| 1.000 | seribu (= satu ribu) |
| 2.000 | dua ribu |
| 10.000 | sepuluh ribu |
| 50.000 | lima puluh ribu |
| 100.000 | seratus ribu |
| 1.000.000 | sejuta (= satu juta) |
| 2.000.000 | dua juta |
You will notice that traditionally full stops are used to divide up thousand values. Increasingly you will see commas, as in English, but particularly with money, full stops are still the official format.
Ordinal numbers are very regular (except for one “the first”) – just add ke- to the number, however large:
| 1st | pertama |
| 2nd | kedua |
| 3rd | ketiga |
| 4th | keempat |
| 5th | kelima |
| 20th | keduapuluh |
Decimals are as in English, but use a comma rather than a full stop. So 4.5 (four point five) is 4,5 (empat koma lima) in Indonesian.
| ½ (one half) | setengah, separuh |
| ⅓ (one third) | sepertiga |
| ⅔ (two thirds) | dua pertiga |
| ¼ (one quarter) | seperempat |
| ¾ (three quarters) | tiga perempat |
COUNTERS
Like many Asian languages, Indonesian often uses a counter word when talking about a number of objects. This is similar to the English use of “twenty head of cattle,” “six pairs of pants” etc.
If you leave them out, people will still understand you, but you will hear them used and you will speak better Indonesian if you can use them.
| orang | for people, e.g. dua orang bayi two babies |
| buah | fruit, general counter for largish objects, e.g. lima buah jeruk five oranges; empat buah mobil four cars |
| biji | seed, general counter for small objects, e.g. tiga biji kancing three buttons |
| ékor | for animals, e.g. seékor sapi a cow |
| batang | for long thin objects, e.g. sepuluh batang rokok ten cigarettes |
ASKING QUESTIONS
| who | siapa |
| what | apa |
| where | di mana, (directional) ke mana |
| when | kapan |
| how | bagaimana |
| why | mengapa, kenapa (colloquial) |
| yes | ya |
| no | tidak, bukan (for objects) |
| not yet | belum |
To make a question not using a question word, all you have to do is start the sentence with Apakah (or Apa for short). Literally, apakah means “whether” while apa means “what.”
Joni likes eating crab.
Joni suka makan kepiting.
Does Joni like eating crab?
Apakah Joni suka makan kepiting?
It’s too hot.
Kepanasan.
Is it too hot?
Apa kepanasan?
As in English, you can simply use a rising intonation at the end of the sentence to make it a question, but it is much simpler and clearer to use Apa or Apakah in front.
