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A Force. British military organization responsible for planning

and implementing deception in the Mediterranean theatre.

AAI. Allied Armies in Italy - The Allied army group in Italy from

March to December 1944.

Abt I/II/III Abteilung. Each a section of the Abwehr

responsible for espionage (I), sabotage (II), and counter-

espionage (III), respectively.

Abwehr. Amt Ausland/Abwehr im Oberkommando

der Wehrmacht - The espionage service of the Oberkommando

der Wehrmacht (OKW).

Abwehrleitstelle. Alst - Main branch office administering more

than one Ast.

Abwehrnebenstelle. NEST - Subsidiary branch of Abwehr.

Abwehrstelle. Ast - A main Abwehr station, in home or occupied

Territory, in Army Command area.

AFHQ. Allied Force Headquarters - Allied command covering the

central and western Mediterranean.

AK. Abwehrkommando - Mobile Abwehr field units attached to

army groups or armies. (See FAK)

Alst. See Abwehrleitstelle.

Amt VI. Foreign intelligence office of the RSHA.

AMZON. American zone of Germany.

ANCXF. Allied Naval Command, “X” Force - Intelligence/

deception body for Allied Naval Command.

Ast. See Abwehrstelle.

AZUSA. OSS/SSU designation of atomic energy information

(OSS also used codeword RAMONA).

B Branch/B Division. The counter-intelligence section of MI5.

B1a. Double agent section of MI5 B Division.

B1b. ISOS analysis section of MI5 B Division.

B Section. Counter-intelligence section of ISLD.

BCRA. Bureau Centrale de Renseignement et d’Action, French

Gaullist intelligence and operational services to 1944.

Bletchley Park. SIGINT organization (see GC&CS) controlled

by MI6.

BLUEJACKET. A CEA used either for tactical or strategic

deception.

BMA. Bureau des Menées Anti-Nationales, Vichy Military CI.

BRASS. 2nd British Army.

Broadway. British Intelligence (MI6 Headquarters).

BRONZE. 102 SCIU with 1st Canadian Army.

BSM. Bureau de Sécurité Militaire, French Military Security.

BULLION. 21 AG in Belgium.

C. The head of MI6, also CSS.

CEA. Controlled Enemy Agent.

Centrale. Enemy radio base station which corresponds with

a CEA.

Chicken Feed. True information passed to the enemy in an

effort to build up the credibility of a double agent.

CIB. SHAEF Counter-Intelligence Branch, part of G-2.

CIC. Counter Intelligence Corps (US) .

CICI. Combined Intelligence Centre Iraq.

Cinquième Bureau. 5th Bureau, created in wartime, combined

all French military intelligence agencies.

CRUSADE. Codename for MI6(V) at Ryder St, London.

CSDIC. Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre.

D Measure. Order to execute someone immediately

(French usage).

DESPOT. The term for a CEA used for penetration but not

for tactical or strategic deception. An earlier definition was “Any

agent controlled by [ the Allies] whose function is to deceive

the enemy. This will cover agents planted by [the Allies] on

the enemy as well as enemy agents [they] turn around, and

will be used irrespective of the means employed (e.g. W/T

or direct contacts)”.

Deuxième Bureau. 2nd Bureau, Overall French Military

Intelligence Directorate, G-2 equivalent.

D/F’ing. Radio Direction Finding (used to track illicit

transmitters).

DGER. Direction Générale des Études et Recherches, French

Intelligence Directorate.

DGSS. Direction Générale des Services Spéciaux, 1944 merged

BCRA and French traditional service.

DIVER. Codename for a DA, an Allied agent who penetrated

enemy Intelligence Services by physical contact.

DMI. Director of Military Intelligence.

DMO. Director of Military Operations.

DSM. Direction de Sécurité Militaire, French Military Security

Directorate formed 1943 by Gen Giraud in North Africa.

DSO. Defence Security Office / Officer, representatives of

MI5 in British overseas possessions, and some neutral

states.

DST. Direction de la Surveillance du Territoire, replaced

French ST in 1944.

ETO. European Theater of Operations.

ETOUSA. European Theater of Operations US Army.

FAK. Frontaufklärungskommando. Mobile Abwehr field units

attached to army groups or armies. (See AK)

FAT. Frontaufklärungstrupp. Mobile Abwehr field units which

are subordinate to a FAK. Formerly Abwehrtruppen.

FFI. Forces Franҫaises de l'Intérieur (Free French Military

Resistance).

FHO. Fremde Heere Ost (Foreign Armies East). Intelligence

analysis section of the General Staff of the German Army, with

responsibility for the Eastern Front.

FHW. Fremde Heere West (Foreign Armies West). Intelligence

analysis section of the General Staff of the German Army, with

responsibility for all European fronts other than the Eastern

Front.

Foodstuff. See Chicken Feed.

Forty Committees. See Thirty Committees.

FSP/FSS. Field Security Police/Section, Counter-Intelligence

and security force of Intelligence Corps personnel; CIC

equivalent in British Army.

FUSAG. First US Army Group, later known as 12 AG.

G-2/GSO(I). Military Intelligence staff (US/British).

G-5. Civil Affairs, U.S. Army

GALVESTON. Codename for Dudley Clarke, head of ‘A' Force;

sometimes used to denote the organization as a whole.

GC&CS. Government Code and Cypher School, aka Bletchley

Park.

GHQ. General Headquarters. Middle East. Based in Cairo.

GIS. German Intelligence Service.

I(b). British Military Staff for CI matters.

Ic. German staff officer responsible for operational intelligence.

I/H – I/L – I/M. Sections of Abwehr Abteilung I responsible for

army (I/H), Air force (I/L), and naval intelligence (I/M),

respectively.

ISBA. “Intelligence Service, British Agents”; name for sub-series

of ISOS whose distribution was restricted by Lt Col Cowgill,

MI6(V).

ISLD. Inter-Services Liaison Department. The local guise of MI6

in the Mediterranean and Middle East.

ISSB. Inter-Services Security Board.

ISK. Intelligence Service Knox. Named after Dillwyn Knox, the

intelligence product from breaking Abwehr machine ciphers.

ISOS. Intelligence Service Oliver Strachey. Intelligence product

derived from breaking Abwehr hand ciphers.

JE-Land. X-2 codename for USSR.

JIC. Joint Intelligence Committee. British cabinet sub-

committee.

JPS. Joint Planning Staff.

KdM. Kommando des Meldegebietes; HQ of the Reporting

Area, replaced AST and KO organizations.

KO. Kriegsorganization. A main Abwehr station in a neutral or

friendly state.

LCS. London Controlling Section. Responsible for planning and

co-ordinating all strategic deception in the European theatre.

Leitstelle I-West. Office in charge of FAKs and FATs in the West,

including collecting and disseminating agent information.

LVF. Légion des Volontaires Franҫais Contre le Bolchevisme;

French volunteers in the Waffen SS.

MEDTO. Mediterranean Theater of Operations.

METO. Middle East Theater of Operations.

MI5. The Security Service. Responsible for security and

counter-intelligence in Britain and in British overseas

possessions.

MI6/SIS. The Secret Intelligence Service (SIS). Responsible for

foreign intelligence and counter-intelligence.

MI6(V). Section V of MI6, CE Section of British Foreign

Intelligence; MI6 Section 5.

Mil Amt. Militärische Amt; in June 1944, Abwehr I and II were

merged together and became the Militärisches Amt (or Mil Amt)

of Walter Schellenberg's SD.

Milice. Milice Franҫais, fascist police force in Vichy France.

MIS. US Military Intelligence Service.

MSS. Most Secret Sources, i.e. ULTRA and ISOS/ISK.

MYTH. Codename for a radio agent known from MSS.

NATO. North African Theater of Operations.

NATOUSA. North African Theater of Operations, U.S. Army.

NEST. Nebenstelle, Sub-Office or –Branch.

NKVD. Soviet Intelligence.

Notional. Activities, persons, units, etc. presented to the enemy

as being real but which were, in fact, fake.

Oberbefehlshaber Süd west. The High Command of German

Armies in the Southwest.

Oberbefehlshaber West. The High Command of German

Armies in the West.

OKW. Oberkommando der Wehrmacht. High Command of the

German Armed Forces.

ONI. Office of Naval Intelligence, U.S. Navy

OSS. Office of Strategic Services. American wartime

intelligence agency.

OVRA. Opera Vigilanza Per Repressione Anti-Fascismo,

Fascist Italian Secret Police.

PC. Poste de Commandement, command post.

Penetration Agent. A double agent run for counter-intelligence

rather than deception purposes.

PPF. Parti Populaire Franҫais. French fascist and collaborationist

party, headed by Jacques Doriot.

PWB. US Psychological Warfare Board.

R&A. Research and Analysis Division, OSS.

RAB. Radio Analysis Bureau, also known as Section Vw in MI6.

Responsible for analyzing the Abwehr radio network and

decrypted Abwehr communications.

R Force. Deception Organization under 21AG, similar to A Force

in the Middle East.

RG. Renseignements Généraux, French Police intelligence

agency.

RIP. Refugee Interrogation Point.

RIS. Radio Intelligence Service. Successor agency with the

same functions as RAB in MI6.

R-Netz. Rückzugs-, Rückbleibe- or Räumungs-netz. Retreat,

stay-behind or evacuation network. W/T agent network

left behind by GIS.

RSHA. Reichsicherheitshauptamt. Reich Security Head Office,

encompassing a number of organizations, such as the

Gestapo and the SD.

RVPS. (The Royal Victoria Patriotic School) was the location of

the London Reception Centre, an interrogation point for

suspect persons entering the UK.

S Force. Allied formation formed to coordinate intelligence

gathering within a major target city.

SAINT. OSS indicator for messages containing security and

Counter-Intelligence information; cable designation for

X-2 HQs London, Paris, Washington. Codename for

James Murphy as Head of X-2 London.

SAVAGE. Codename for 1st British Army SCIU.

SCIU. Special Counter-Intelligence Units. MI6 field units

attached to Army Groups and armies (also SI(b), SCI,

SCI/Z, and SCI/A).

SD. Sicherheitsdienst. The intelligence service of the SS and

the Nazi Party. Part of the RSHA after 1939.

Section V. MI6 Counter-Espionage Section.

SHAEF. Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force.

Command of Allied forces in North-West Europe.

SI(b) Units. First designation given to British Special

Counter-Intelligence Units (name changed to SCIU in

March 1944).

SI/OSS. Strategic Intelligence Branch, OSS

SID. Security Intelligence Department of the Gibraltar Defence

Security Office.

SID. Servizio Informazione Difesa or Difensa, Italian fascist

intelligence service created by dissident SIM officers.

SIM. Servizio Informazioni Militari. Italian military intelligence.

SIM/CS. Italian Military Intelligence/Counter Espionage

branch.

SIME. Security Intelligence Middle East. Responsible for

security and counter-intelligence in the zone under the

command of General Headquarters. Middle East.

SIPO. German Security Police.

SM. Sécurité Militaire. Military Security, covering military

security and CE until the end of 1944.

SOE. Special Operations Executive. British organization

designed to engage in espionage and sabotage in

occupied Europe, and to aid resistance groups.

Special Agent. In the Thirty Committee system, the term

used for double agents used for deception operations.

Special Section. Double agent section of SIME.

SSM. Service de Sécurité Militaire, French Military Security

Service.

SR. Service de Renseignements, Foreign Intelligence

Service within the French 2nd Bureau.

ST. Surveillance du Territoire, French Intelligence agency.

Sussex Mission. Combined OSS-MI6-French Intelligence

operations in France.

T Force. Allied Intelligence Target Force developed for the

coordinated exploitation of enemy material and documents.

Thirty Committees. Joint committees responsible for

managing double agents in a specified geographical area

of the Mediterranean theatre. Each committee was given

a number, and they were drawn from the range between

30 and 60.

TR. Traveaux Ruraux (Rural Works), cover name for French

covert CE, 1940-1944.

TR119. TR Algiers, commanded by Capt Doudot.

TR120. TR Rabat, commanded by Breteil.

TR121. TR Tunis, commanded by Fontès.

TRIFLE. Possible early codename for Capt Malcolm Smith.

TRUSTY. Captain Malcolm Smith OC № 2SI(b)/ 3 SCI Unit,

Italy.

TRUSTY B. John George Fairweather, 143453 London Irish

Rifles; No.2 SI(b)/3 SCI Unit.

Twenty (XX) Committee. A joint committee responsible for

clearing information and managing the operations of the

double agents based in Britain.

ULTRA. Codename for the intelligence product derived from

breaking German machine ciphers.

UNRRA. United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Agency.

USFETO. United States Forces European Theater of Operations.

W. French CE penetration agent.

W2. Enemy penetration agent known to French CE.

Werewolves. Nazi organization trained to wage guerilla warfare

after the defeat of German military forces.

X-2. Counter-Espionage Branch of the OSS and later the SSU.

XB. Name used in cable traffic for MI6(V).

Codenames of Military Operations and Deception Plans

ANVIL. Planned operation for an Allied invasion of the

south coast of France. Name changed to DRAGOON

before the assault.

AVALANCHE. 9 September 1943 invasion of Italy at Salerno.

BARCLAY. 1943 Mediterranean strategic deception covering

the invasion of Sicily, to induce the Axis to give priority to

maintaining and reinforcing its forces in southern France

and the Balkans.

BOARDMAN. Late summer 1943 deception plan covering the

Allied invasion of mainland Italy.

BODYGUARD. Codename for the overall. European-wide

deception plan for the Normandy landings in June 1944.

CASCADE. The overall order of battle deception plan for the

Mediterranean theatre. Initiated in March 1942 and

expanded in March 1943. Replaced by plan WANTAGE

in February 1944.

COLLECT. Deception plan in support of the November

1941 Crusader offensive in the Western Desert.

COMPASS. December 1940 British offensive against Italian

forces in the Western Desert.

CRUSADER. November 1941 British offensive against Axis

forces in the Western Desert.

DIADEM. May 1944 Allied offensive against German positions

south of Rome.

DIME. World War II code name for the beaches at Gela, Sicily

DRAGOON. August 1944 Allied invasion of southern France

(see ANVIL).

FOYNES. Late 1943 deception plan designed to mask the

number of troops and landing craft returning to Britain

from the Mediterranean.

GYMNAST. 1941 plan for the Allied invasion of French

northwest Africa (also SUPER-GYMNAST).

HUSKY. The invasion of Sicily in July 1943.

JOSS. Code name for the beaches in the Licata area.

MANNA. British occupation of southern Greece.

MINCEMEAT. April 1943 operation, in support of BARCLAY,

that planted fake documents on the Germans, via a

corpse floated off the coast of Spain, planned to divert

attention from Operation HUSKY, to induce the Axis to

believe that Allied objectives were Sardinia and the

Peloponnesus instead of Sicily.

OLIVE. August 1944 Allied offensive in Italy, designed to

breakthrough the Gothic Line.

OVERLORD. Anglo-American-Canadian invasion of

Normandy in June 1944.

TORCH. Anglo-American landings in French North Africa

in November 1942.

WANTAGE. Mediterranean order of battle deception plan.

Begun in February 1944 as a replacement for CASCADE.

ZEPPELIN. Overall name for the Mediterranean components

of BODYGUARD.

A Note on References and Sources

All archival references provided in the endnotes refer to records from the UK National Archives at Kew (NA Kew) unless otherwise noted. Below are the Kew records series utilized:

 CAB - Cabinet Office

 FO - Foreign Office

 HW - Government Code and Cipher School

 KV - The Security Service (MI5)

 WO - War Office

Information from the UK’s National Archives is Crown copyright, reproduced in accordance with the Open Government Licence for Public Sector Information - see http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/.

Documents found in other archives are denoted in endnotes by the following:

 AWCL - US Army War College Library. Carlisle Barracks, Carlisle, PA.

 IWM - Imperial War Museum, London.

 NARA - United States National Archives and Records dministration, Washington nd College Park, MD.