Читать книгу Human Metabolism - Keith N. Frayn - Страница 10
Abbreviations
ОглавлениеSome abbreviations used only within a figure, table or box, and defined there, are not included here. Some abbreviations are given in the text not because the terms are used frequently, but because the substance in question is often better known by its abbreviation. In such cases, if the abbreviation only occurs in one limited section, it will not be listed here.
| ABC (G5, G8, etc.) | ATP-binding cassette-containing protein-G5, G8 etc. |
| ACAT | acyl-Coenzyme A: cholesterol acyltransferase |
| ACC | acetyl-CoA carboxylase |
| ACCORD | Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes |
| ACE | angiotensin-converting enzyme |
| ACS | acyl-CoA synthase |
| ACSL | long-chain acyl-CoA synthase |
| ACTH | adrenocorticotrophic hormone (corticotrophin) |
| ADH | antidiuretic hormone |
| ADP | adenosine 5′-diphosphate |
| AEE | activity energy expenditure |
| AGE | advanced glycation end-product |
| AgRP | Agouti-related protein |
| AIDS | Acquired ImmunoDeficiency Syndrome |
| ALT | alanine aminotransferase |
| AMP | adenosine 5′-monophosphate |
| AMPK | AMP-activated protein kinase |
| ANP | atrial natriuretic peptide |
| APOA, B, C, E, etc. | apolipoprotein A,B,C,E, etc. |
| ARB | angiotensin receptor blocker |
| AST | aspartate aminotransferase |
| ATGL | adipose triacylglycerol (or triglyceride) lipase |
| ATP | adenosine 5′-trisphosphate |
| BAT | brown adipose tissue |
| BCAA | branched chain amino acid |
| BCAT | branched chain amino acid aminotransferase |
| BCKD(C) | branched chain 2-oxoacid (α-ketoacid) dehydrogenase (complex) |
| BMCP1 | brain mitochondria carrier protein 1 |
| BMI | body mass index |
| BMR | basal metabolic rate |
| BNP | brain natriuretic peptide |
| cAMP | cyclic adenosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) |
| CARS | compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome |
| CAT-1, 2 | carnitine-acyl transferase-1, 2 |
| CCK | cholecystokinin |
| CETP | cholesteryl ester transfer protein |
| cGMP | cyclic guanosine 3′, 5′-monophosphate (cyclic GMP) |
| CHD | coronary heart disease |
| ChRE | carbohydrate response element |
| ChREBP | carbohydrate response element binding protein |
| CIM | critical illness myopathy |
| CIP | critical illness polyneuropathy |
| CNP | C-type natriuretic peptide |
| CNS | central nervous system |
| CoA | coenzyme A |
| CoASH | coenzyme A reduced form |
| CoQ10 | ubiquinone |
| CPT-1, 2 | carnitine-palmitoyl transferase-1, 2 |
| CSII | continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion |
| DHA | docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6 n-3) |
| D-2HG | D-2-hydroxyglutarate |
| DIT | diet-induced thermogenesis |
| DPP | Diabetes Prevention Program |
| EDRF | endothelial-derived relaxing factor |
| EE | energy expenditure |
| eIF | eukaryotic initiation factor |
| eNOS | endothelial NO synthase |
| ER | endoplasmic reticulum |
| ERK | extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
| FABP(pm) | fatty acid binding protein (plasma membrane isoform) |
| FAD | flavin adenine dinucleotide (oxidised form) |
| FADH2 | flavin adenine dinucleotide (reduced form) |
| FAT | fatty acid translocase |
| FATP | fatty acid transport protein |
| FFM | fat-free mass |
| FGF | fibroblast growth factor |
| FH | familial hypercholesterolaemia |
| FIL | feedback inhibitor of lactation |
| FoxO | Forkhead box ‘Other’ |
| FQ | food quotient |
| FSH | follicle-stimulating hormone |
| FXR | farnesoid X-receptor |
| G | Gibbs ‘free’ energy |
| G6-P | glucose 6-phosphate |
| GDP | guanosine 5′-diphosphate |
| GH | growth hormone |
| GHSR | growth hormone secretagogue receptor |
| GIP | gastric inhibitory polypeptide, also known as glucose-dependent insulinotrophic polypeptide |
| GK | glucokinase |
| GLP (1 and 2) | glucagon-like peptide-1 and -2 |
| GLUT | glucose transporter |
| GOAT | ghrelin-O-acyltransferase |
| GPAT | glycerol phosphate-acyl transferase |
| GPCR | G protein-coupled receptor |
| GPIHBP1 | glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored high density lipoprotein-binding protein 1 |
| GR | glucocorticoid receptor |
| GSK | glycogen synthase kinase |
| GTP | guanosine 5′-trisphosphate |
| HDAC | histone deacetylation/deacetylase |
| HDL | high density lipoprotein |
| HIF-1 | hypoxia-inducible factor-1 |
| HIV | Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
| HK | hexokinase |
| HMG-CoA | 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA |
| hPL | human placental lactogen |
| HSL | hormone-sensitive lipase |
| 5-HT | 5-hydroxytryptamine |
| IDDM | insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
| IGF | insulin-like growth factor |
| IL | interleukin |
| IMM | inner mitochondrial membrane |
| JAK | originally Just Another Kinase; redesignated JAnus Kinase |
| K a | dissociation constant for an acid |
| K m | Michaelis constant |
| LADA | latent autoimmune diabetes in adults |
| LCAD | long-chain acyl CoA dehydrogenase |
| LCAT | lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase |
| LDL | low-density lipoprotein |
| LH | luteinising hormone |
| LPL | lipoprotein lipase |
| LXR | liver X-receptor |
| MAPK | mitogen-activated protein kinase |
| MET | (unit of work): 1 MET = resting metabolic rate |
| MI | myocardial infarction |
| MODS | multiple organ dysfunction syndrome |
| MODY | maturity-onset diabetes of the young |
| Mr | relative molecular mass |
| mRNA | messenger-RNA |
| MSH | melanocyte-stimulating hormone |
| mTOR | mammalian (or mechanistic) Target Of Rapamycin |
| NAD+, NADH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (+, oxidised form; H, reduced form) |
| NADP+, NADPH | nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (+, oxidised form; H, reduced form) |
| NAFLD | non-alcoholic fatty liver disease |
| Nam | nicotinamide |
| Nampt | nicotinamide phosphoribosyl transferase |
| NEAT | non-exercise activity thermogenesis |
| NEFA | non-esterified fatty acid |
| NHS DPP | NHS Diabetes Prevention Programme |
| NIDDM | non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus |
| NPC1L1 | Niemann-Pick C1-like protein 1 |
| NPR-A | natriuretic peptide-A receptor |
| NPY | neuropeptide Y |
| OMM | outer mitochondrial membrane |
| PAMPs | pathogen-associated molecular patterns |
| PCSK9 | proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 |
| PDC | pyruvate dehydrogenase complex |
| PDH | pyruvate dehydrogenase |
| PDX1 | pancreatic and duodenal homeobox 1 |
| PET | positron emission tomography |
| PFK | phosphofructokinase |
| PGC | PPAR-γ co-activator |
| Pi, PPi | inorganic phosphate, pyrophosphate |
| PKA | protein kinase-A (cAMP-dependent protein kinase) |
| PKC | protein kinase-C |
| PKG | protein kinase-G (cGMP-dependent protein kinase) |
| POMC | pro-opiomelanocortin |
| PPAR | peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor |
| PPI | proton pump inhibitor |
| PTHrP | parathyroid hormone-related protein |
| RAAS | renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system |
| RAGE | receptor for advanced glycation end-products |
| RAS | renin-angiotensin system |
| REE | resting energy expenditure |
| RER | respiratory exchange ratio |
| ROS | reactive oxygen species |
| RQ | respiratory quotient |
| RXR | retinoid X receptor |
| SCN | suprachiasmatic nucleus |
| SGLT | sodium-glucose cotransporter |
| SIRS | systemic inflammatory response syndrome |
| SNP | single-nucleotide polymorphism |
| SOS | Swedish Obesity Study |
| SR | scavenger receptor |
| SREBP (-1c, -2) | sterol regulatory element binding protein (1c, 2) |
| STAT | Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription |
| T3 | tri-iodothyronine |
| T4 | thyroxine |
| TAG or TG | triacylglycerol |
| TCA (cycle) | tricarboxylic acid (cycle) |
| TEE | total energy expenditure |
| TICE | trans-intestinal cholesterol efflux |
| TNFα | tumour necrosis factor-α |
| TNFR1, TNFRSF1A | TNF receptors |
| TR | thyroid hormone receptor |
| TSH | thyroid stimulating hormone |
| TTO (loop) | transcription translation oscillating loop |
| TZD | thiazolidinedione |
| UCP1,2,3 | uncoupling protein 1, 2, 3 |
| UDP-GlcNAc | uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine |
| UKPDS | United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study |
| USF-1 | upstream stimulatory factor-1 |
| VCO2 | rate of CO2 production |
| VLDL | very-low-density lipoprotein |
| V max | maximal velocity of a reaction |
| VO2 (max) | (maximal) rate of O2 consumption |
