Читать книгу Essentials of Veterinary Ophthalmology - Kirk N. Gelatt - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Development of the optic sulci, which are the first sign of eye d...Figure 1.2 Formation of the lens vesicle and optic cup. Note that the optic ...Figure 1.3 Cross section through optic cup and optic fissure. The lens vesic...Figure 1.4 The hyaloid vascular system and TVL.Figure 1.5 (a) Canine orbit. (b) Feline orbit. Bones of the orbit: frontal (...Figure 1.6 Equine orbit. Bones of the orbit: frontal (F), lacrimal (L), sphe...Figure 1.7 Divisions of orbital fascia: muscle fascia, periorbita, orbital s...Figure 1.8 Arrangement of the orbital muscles of domestic animals. Annulus o...Figure 1.9 Orbital apex of the dog, illustrating structures passing through ...Figure 1.10 Canine eye. Medial canthus (A), lateral canthus (B), cilia (C), ...Figure 1.11 Equine eye. (a) Medial canthus (A), lateral canthus (B), cilia (...Figure 1.12 Photomicrograph of the eyelid of a dog. Hair follicle (HF), cili...Figure 1.13 Bulbar conjunctiva of a porcine eyelid is externally lined by a ...Figure 1.14 Drawing of a histological section of the mammalian NM.Figure 1.15 NM of the horse contains both glandular (G) and lymphoid (L) tis...Figure 1.16 The nasolacrimal system: lacrimal puncta, canaliculi, lacrimal s...Figure 1.17 Diagram of the three tunics that comprise the mammalian globe. O...Figure 1.18 (a) Lateral view of the equine globe. Note the marked flattening...Figure 1.19 Histological view of the four layers in the equine cornea: anter...Figure 1.20 Basement membrane (arrows) of the anterior epithelium of the can...Figure 1.21 SEM shows the surface of the anterior epithelium of a bovine cor...Figure 1.22 The corneal epithelium and anterior stroma. Nonkeratinized squam...Figure 1.23 (a) SEM of corneal stroma in the dog. (b) TEM of corneal stroma ...Figure 1.24 SEM of a four‐year‐old canine corneal endothelium reveals occasi...Figure 1.25 Photomicrographs of canine limbus. (a) The irregular connective ...Figure 1.26 The intrascleral plexus (ISP) of a dog is located within the mid...Figure 1.27 Scleral ossicles (SO) in birds vary in size and shape. (a) Scree...Figure 1.28 SEM of the canine anterior uvea. Cornea (C), ciliary processes (Figure 1.29 Equine iris (I) and anterior ciliary body (CB). The arrow points...Figure 1.30 (a) In many canine irides, melanocytes are concentrated in a wid...Figure 1.31 Sphincter muscle (SM) location in the dog (a) and in the horse (...Figure 1.32 (a) Iris sphincter muscles that create a slit pupil when the pup...Figure 1.33 Inner surface of the ciliary body of a dog treated with α‐chymot...Figure 1.34 SEM (sagittal view) of the inner ciliary body of a dog reveals n...Figure 1.35 SEM of the ciliary processes and zonular fibers in a horse. Cili...Figure 1.36 The bilayered ciliary epithelium that lines the ciliary processe...Figure 1.37 Apical junctions of nonpigmented (NPE) and pigmented (PE) ciliar...Figure 1.38 Degree of development of the ciliary body musculature among mamm...Figure 1.39 Gonioscopic view of the anterior ciliary body shows the fibrous ...Figure 1.40 Frontal view SEM of the canine ICA. Fibrous pillars that attach ...Figure 1.41 Cells associated with the operculum in the dog form clusters and...Figure 1.42 The majority of aqueous humor flows from the posterior chamber (...Figure 1.43 Located between the ciliary body meshwork and the sclera (i.e., ...Figure 1.44 (a) The canine choroid (C) consists of the suprachoroidea (1), l...Figure 1.45 SEM of the posterior canine eye shows that the choroid (C) is co...Figure 1.46 The carnivorous tapetum lucidum consists of layers of cells, cal...Figure 1.47 Composite drawing of the lens, capsule, attachments, and nuclear...Figure 1.48 Young horse lens near the equator. (a) Lens capsule. (b) Columna...Figure 1.49 Drawing of the embryonal lens (i.e., nucleus) shows the anterior...Figure 1.50 Zonular attachments to the lens in a dog. (a) SEM shows that zon...Figure 1.51 Schematic illustrating the various components of and spaces with...Figure 1.52 Relationship between different neuronal cells within the retina....Figure 1.53 The retina consists of nine discrete layers and a supportive pig...Figure 1.54 The photoreceptor layer of the pig contains many cones (C) among...Figure 1.55 Tip of the outer segment discs in a rod of a young dog. Note tha...Figure 1.56 (a) The avian pecten, as seen here in the chicken, consists of a...Figure 1.57 The optic nerve head and bulbar optic nerve of a dog. Arrows ind...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 The tear film is a complex multilayered fluid phase. This figure ...Figure 2.2 In the normal cornea (a), a cross section of the corneal fibrils ...Figure 2.3 Schematic of collagen fiber organization in the canine cornea. Th...Figure 2.4 Schematic of corneal innervation. The limbal plexus is a ring‐lik...Figure 2.5 Schematic of AH production across the PE and NPE of the ciliary b...Figure 2.6 AH drainage occurs via the traditional and uveoscleral outflow pa...Figure 2.7 Chemical composition of the aqueous humor and lens. Water and pro...Figure 2.8 Representation of light as a wave, which is characterized by two ...Figure 2.9 Refraction of light as it passes from one medium to another is go...Figure 2.10 Refraction of light through various lenses. (a) A spherical conv...Figure 2.11 The effect of vitreous elongation on ocular refraction. (a) A fo...Figure 2.12 (a) In emmetropia, parallel light rays are focused on the retina...Figure 2.13 Schematic drawing of the mammalian retina with part of the choro...Figure 2.14 (a) The discs of the outer segments (facing the retinal pigment ...Figure 2.15 A considerable amount of processing of data from the photorecept...Figure 2.16 In a comprehensive canine ERG protocol, following preparation of...Figure 2.17 (a) The visual field of the horse showing a frontal binocular fi...Figure 2.18 Binocular disparity and the perception of stereoscopic depth. Th...Figure 2.19 A colorful dog, as seen by a normal trichromat (a). In (b), the ...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 The BAB in the anterior segment consists of the endothelial cells...Figure 3.2 Disposition of ophthalmic drugs after instillation to the eye. On...Figure 3.3 Topically applied medications can enter the systemic circulation ...Figure 3.4 The differences between the drug levels between single eyedrop in...Figure 3.5 Routes of drug distribution after subconjunctival injection.Figure 3.6 Contribution of carbonic anhydrase to AH formation in the pigment...Figure 3.7 Effect on IOP of 0.005% latanoprost in the Beagle with primary op...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Horse skull depicting sites for the auriculopalpebral (a and b), ...Figure 4.2 Corneal reflex. Corneal sensation is tested by means of a wisp of...Figure 4.3 Use of a handheld slit‐lamp biomicroscope in a dog.Figure 4.4 Optics of direct ophthalmoscopy. The direct ophthalmoscope allows...Figure 4.5 Close direct ophthalmoscopy. The examiner must be as close as pos...Figure 4.6 Direct ophthalmoscope head. (a) Observer's side with viewing aper...Figure 4.7 Binocular indirect ophthalmoscopy with the Keeler Vantage head‐mo...Figure 4.8 Comparison of direct (a and d), panoptic (b and e), and indirect ...Figure 4.9 The optics of binocular indirect ophthalmoscope allow the light f...Figure 4.10 Monocular indirect ophthalmoscopy. The technique can be carried ...Figure 4.11 The panoptic ophthalmoscope is a good compromise between the dir...Figure 4.12 Retinoscopy carried out in a dog. Note the working distance of 6...Figure 4.13 Gonioscopy lenses can be divided into direct and indirect. (a) D...Figure 4.14 Koeppe lens in situ. The lens is retained by suction on the corn...Figure 4.15 Normal ICA in a Flat‐Coated Retriever.Figure 4.16 Corneal sensation can be assessed quantitatively by a Cochet–Bon...Figure 4.17 (a) To obtain a conjunctival sample, for either microbiology or ...Figure 4.18 Aqueous tear production can be accessed by the Schirmer tear tes...Figure 4.19 Ophthalmic stains. A. Fluorescein dye is available as a sterile ...Figure 4.20 Application of fluorescein dye. The fluorescein impregnated stri...Figure 4.21 Jones test (fluorescein dye passage test) in a one‐year‐old Labr...Figure 4.22 A positive Jones result at the right nostril in a horse.Figure 4.23 Selection of plastic and metal lacrimal cannulas suitable for pe...Figure 4.24 Nasolacrimal flush in a dog. With a 2–5‐ml syringe of sterile sa...Figure 4.25 Positive Seidel test depicts a leaking corneal wound at 12 o'clo...Figure 4.26 Indentation tonometry. (a) Schiotz tonometer with 7.5 and 10.0 g...Figure 4.27 Applanation tonometry. (a) TonoPen Vet. (b) The footplate contai...Figure 4.28 Rebound tonometry with the TonoVet in a dog.Figure 4.29 Paracentesis. (a) Aqueous paracentesis. The hypodermic needle is...Figure 4.30 Reformatted sagittal CT images of a normal feline globe seen in ...Figure 4.31 (a) Dacryocystorhinogram of the normal nasolacrimal duct system ...Figure 4.32 The appearance of the normal canine globe and orbit on (a) dorsa...Figure 4.33 (a) Noncontact specular microscopy being undertaken on an anesth...Figure 4.34 OCT with 3D reconstruction images of the fundus of a normal, 15‐...Figure 4.35 Normal equine fluorescent antibody image with maximal fluorescen...Figure 4.36 (a) Standardized diagnostic A‐mode probe with tissue model for c...Figure 4.37 Vertical axial scan. The white marker on the probe points dorsal...Figure 4.38 Normal B‐mode/vector A‐scan echogram of the canine eye. The inte...Figure 4.39 Ciliary body tumor (T) invading the vitreous and causing a lens ...Figure 4.40 B‐mode ultrasound of a long‐standing retinal detachment, which a...Figure 4.41 B‐mode/vector A‐scan echogram of a retrobulbar abscess in a Mini...Figure 4.42 UBM (50 MHz) of the ICA of a dog. A, cornea; B, sclera; C, basal...Figure 4.43 Color Doppler images (top) and pulse waves (bottom) of the short...Figure 4.44 A dark‐adapted canine ERG in response to a brief, bright flash. ...Figure 4.45 (a) The corkscrew‐, needle‐, and button‐type electrodes are reli...Figure 4.46 Two types of stimulators for FERGs and flash VEPs. (a) Both the ...Figure 4.47 Four ERG responses from a normal dog. (a) A mixed, dark‐adapted ...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Canine skull demonstrating the lack of an osseous orbital floor, ...Figure 5.2 Ultrasonography of an orbital neoplasm (meningioma) in a 10‐year‐...Figure 5.3 Ultrasound probe placement for a transoral approach to the orbit....Figure 5.4 Orbital foreign body in a six‐year‐old dog. (a) Dog at initial pr...Figure 5.5 Image illustrating transoral abscess drainage technique.Figure 5.6 MMM in a German Shepherd. There is marked swelling of the mastica...Figure 5.7 (a) Bilateral extraocular polymyositis in an eight‐month‐old Gold...Figure 5.8 A 12 year‐old mixed breed dog with exophthalmos and dorsolateral ...Figure 5.9 Proptosis of the right globe in a young Golden Retriever. There i...Figure 5.10 Severe proptosis with avulsion of the optic nerve and several ex...Figure 5.11 Enucleation: subconjunctival approach. (a) Incision of the bulba...Figure 5.12 (a) Dog with intrascleral prostheses in both eyes. (b) Close‐up ...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Cross section through the canine lid: (1) eyelash‐like hair on th...Figure 6.2 Muscles of the lids of the left eye of the dog: (1) orbicular ocu...Figure 6.3 The ends of upper lid or lateral canthus sutures can be caught or...Figure 6.4 Pathological ankyloblepharon. Delayed eyelid opening in a puppy h...Figure 6.5 Distichiasis (hairs in or on the lid margin) emerging from the me...Figure 6.6. (a) Cryodestruction of multiple distichiae in the conjunctiva–ta...Figure 6.7 Entropion correction by retraction sutures (tacking). The sutures...Figure 6.8 The Celsus–Hotz procedure for the correction of severe lower lid ...Figure 6.9 Pronounced macroblepharon–ectropion (diamond‐shaped fissure) in a...Figure 6.10 The Kühnt–Szymanowski procedure, modified by Blaskovic and furth...Figure 6.11 The Roberts–Jensen pocket method for lid fissure length reductio...Figure 6.12 For the treatment of nasal fold trichiasis, the nasal folds can ...Figure 6.13 Chronic staphylococcal blepharitis in an adult dog.Figure 6.14 Eyelid pyogranulomas of the upper lid and lateral canthus in a M...Figure 6.15 Immune‐mediated medial canthal blepharitis in an adult mongrel G...Figure 6.16 Preoperative (a) and postoperative (b) appearance of an adenoma ...Figure 6.17 Temporary tarsorrhaphy. (a) After, for example, a canthotomy and...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Strategy and procedures for diagnosis and treatment of nasolacrim...Figure 7.2 Embryologic development of the canine nasolacrimal system. (a) No...Figure 7.3 A, B. Gross anatomy of the canine nasolacrimal duct system. Note ...Figure 7.4 Twelve‐week‐old Papillon puppy with bilateral inferior punctal at...Figure 7.5 Ventral punctal atresia. Note the ballooning of the conjunctiva o...Figure 7.6 Anomalies of the medial canthus of small breed of dogs that predi...Figure 7.7 A superior punctal and canalicular foreign body that caused dacry...Figure 7.8 Scanning electron micrograph of the bulbar surface of the canine ...Figure 7.9 Acute onset KCS in a five‐year‐old female Pug with mucopurulent d...Figure 7.10 Four‐year‐old Boston Terrier with early KCS. Note the mucoid ocu...Figure 7.11 Dog with early KCS. Note the intense conjunctival hyperemia, thi...Figure 7.12 Six‐year‐old male castrated mixed‐breed dog with chronic KCS. No...Figure 7.13 TBUT test can be performed in the dog with some difficulty. Imme...Figure 7.14 (a) Ten‐year‐old male castrated Shih Tzu with chronic KCS. The c...Figure 7.15 Seven‐year‐old female spayed Yorkshire Terrier three months afte...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Neutrophils, cocci, and conjunctival epithelial cells in a cytolo...Figure 8.2 Clinical strategy for the diagnosis and treatment of conjunctivit...Figure 8.3 Dog with experimentally induced recurrent CHV‐1 conjunctivitis in...Figure 8.4 Chemosis in a dog associated with a bee sting.Figure 8.5 Follicular conjunctivitis involving the bulbar conjunctiva of the...Figure 8.6 Multiple papillomas on the skin and bulbar conjunctiva.Figure 8.7 Nodular fasciitis on the temporal aspect of the globe. An immatur...Figure 8.8 Conjunctival dermoid with hair at the temporal aspect of the glob...Figure 8.9 Onchocerca granuloma in the ventral bulbar conjunctiva.Figure 8.10 Conjunctival hemorrhage secondary to trauma in a dog. Note the m...Figure 8.11 Severe conjunctivitis associated with systemic and retrobulbar b...Figure 8.12 Petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhages are present on the conjunct...Figure 8.13 Pedicle bulbar conjunctival graft. A viable conjunctival graft t...Figure 8.14 Completely encircling NM in an American Cocker Spaniel.Figure 8.15 Eversion of the cartilage of the NM in a Great Dane.Figure 8.16 Prolapse of the gland of the NM (“cherry eye”) in an English Bul...Figure 8.17 Strategy for diagnosis and treatment of protrusion of the NM.Figure 8.18 Adenoma of the gland of the NM.Figure 8.19 Plasma cell infiltration of the NM, plasmoma, in a German Shephe...Figure 8.20 The NM flap may be temporarily attached to either (a) the dorsol...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 The canine cornea consists of the corneal epithelium externally, ...Figure 9.2 Keratomalacia in a dog with bacterial keratitis.Figure 9.3 Superficial corneal pigment in a Pug with chronic pigmentary kera...Figure 9.4 Afghan Hound with diffuse corneal edema after canine adenovirus t...Figure 9.5 Superficial corneal vascularization in a dog with chronic KCS.Figure 9.6 Deep corneal vascularization in a dog with chronic anterior uveit...Figure 9.7 (a) A dermoid, or choristoma, at the temporal limbus in a young d...Figure 9.8 Complete incision superficial keratectomy. (a) The initial cornea...Figure 9.9 Dog with PPMs adherent to the posterior cornea and resulting in a...Figure 9.10 The diagnosis of a corneal ulcer is made on the basis of retenti...Figure 9.11 Large nonvascularized SCCED in a nine‐year‐old Boxer dog. Note t...Figure 9.12 Vascularized SCCED in a 10‐year‐old Boxer dog. Note the peripher...Figure 9.13 Central, deep stromal corneal ulcer in a brachycephalic dog.Figure 9.14 Bridge or bipedicle conjunctival graft. (a) The conjunctiva is e...Figure 9.15 Pedicle conjunctival graft. (a) The base of the pedicle flap sho...Figure 9.16 After the corneal ulcer is healed, the blood supply to the conju...Figure 9.17 Central corneal descemetocele in a dog with chronic corneal dise...Figure 9.18 Horizontal full‐thickness corneal laceration with uveal prolapse...Figure 9.19 Bacterial keratitis in a dog associated with extensive keratomal...Figure 9.20 CHV‐1 dendritic ulcerative keratitis in a dog receiving systemic...Figure 9.21 Mycotic keratitis in a dog.Figure 9.22 Chemical burn or keratitis after mace exposure in a dog.Figure 9.23 Pigmentary keratitis in a dog with chronic keratitis.Figure 9.24 Mild (a) and severe (b) CSK in the German Shepherd breed.Figure 9.25 Dachshund with superficial punctate keratitis.Figure 9.26 Crystalline corneal dystrophy in the Siberian Husky.Figure 9.27 (a) Dog with Cushing's disease with focal lipid keratopathy. (b)...Figure 9.28 Diffuse corneal degeneration with a dense white plaque and vascu...Figure 9.29 (a) Bullous keratopathy in a dog with endothelial dystrophy. (b)...Figure 9.30 (a) Thermokeratoplasty (thermal cautery) uses multifocal points ...Figure 9.31 Dog with Florida keratopathy.Figure 9.32 Corneal papilloma in a dog.Figure 9.33 Squamous cell carcinoma in the cornea of a Pug dog with chronic ...Figure 9.34 (a) Bilateral corneal lymphosarcoma in a dog. (b) Closer image o...Figure 9.35 Limbal and corneal hemangioma in a dog.Figure 9.36 Limbal or epibulbar melanoma in a Labrador Retriever with cornea...Figure 9.37 Corneoscleral graft, using cryopreserved tissue, for repair of a...Figure 9.38 Focal nodular granulomatous episclerokeratitis. Note the subconj...Figure 9.39 (a) Diffuse, severe nodular granulomatous episclerokeratitis inv...Figure 9.40 Severe scleritis, peripheral corneal edema, and focal area of co...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Grading by gonioscopy and a schematic of the iridocorneal angle ...Figure 10.2 ONHs in three Beagles. (a) Normal optic disc. (b) Optic disc in ...Figure 10.3 (a) HRUS or UBM of the iridocorneal angle and ciliary cleft in a...Figure 10.4 Narrow‐angle and cleft glaucoma in an American Cocker Spaniel. (...Figure 10.5 (a) Basset Hound with bilateral advanced glaucoma. (b) At gonios...Figure 10.6 Gonioscopic view of the iridocorneal angle and opening of the ci...Figure 10.7 Lens luxations in the dog may produce secondary glaucomas, espec...Figure 10.8 Aphakic glaucomas may develop secondary to pupillary occlusion f...Figure 10.9 Secondary glaucoma from angle closure and formation of extensive...Figure 10.10 Glaucoma in the Cairn Terrier associated with melanocytosis of ...Figure 10.11 Advanced unilateral congenital glaucoma in a Parson Russell Ter...Figure 10.12 Surgical placement is similar for all the various anterior cham...Figure 10.13 For medically refractory and advanced glaucoma, enucleation may...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Heterochromia iridis in a mixed‐breed dog.Figure 11.2 An iris coloboma in the nasal aspect iris in this Australian She...Figure 11.3 Persistent (dysplastic) pupillary membranes are present in this ...Figure 11.4 Iris atrophy at the pupillary margin of the iris is present in a...Figure 11.5 A single large pigmented translucent uveal cyst and several smal...Figure 11.6 Severe corneal edema, corneal vascularization, and conjunctival ...Figure 11.7 Posterior synechiae are the only evidence of previous anterior u...Figure 11.8 Iris bombé secondary to 360° of posterior synechia has caused th...Figure 11.9 Lipoid aqueous is visible in the anterior chamber of this Miniat...Figure 11.10 Small KPs are visible on the ventral half of the corneal endoth...Figure 11.11 Hypopyon is present in the ventral anterior chamber in this dog...Figure 11.12 A PIFM is present on the surface of this iris. Because this iri...Figure 11.13 This black Labrador Retriever has UDS with generalized poliosis...Figure 11.14 This Golden Retriever had multifocal iris cysts caudal to the i...Figure 11.15 The Golden Retriever has multiple iris cysts caudual to the iri...Figure 11.16 Uveal prolapse secondary to a corneal laceration is seen. Fibri...Figure 11.17 Hyphema, filling over half the depth of the anterior chamber, i...Figure 11.18 Iridal hemorrhages are present on this iris of this dog with im...Figure 11.19 Melanocytic neoplasia is present in the nasal aspect of the iri...Figure 11.20 A ciliary body adenoma can be visualized extending into the pup...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Schematic optical section of the adult canine lens, showing lens...Figure 12.2 Microphakia and spherophakia with elongated ciliary body process...Figure 12.3 Different presentations of PPMs in the dog. (a) Multiple punctat...Figure 12.4 Spherophakia and PHTVL inducing early immature posterior capsula...Figure 12.5 Incipient posterior cortical cataract in a six‐month‐old German ...Figure 12.6 Immature cataracts. (a) Early immature cataract in diffuse illum...Figure 12.7 Typical appearance of a mature or complete cataract seen in diff...Figure 12.8 Hypermature cataract seen in diffuse illumination. Note glisteni...Figure 12.9 Morgagnian cataract seen in diffuse illumination. Note the compl...Figure 12.10 Nearly complete cataract reabsorption in a two‐year‐old West Hi...Figure 12.11 Typical ARC in a 13‐year‐old Miniature Schnauzer seen in direct...Figure 12.12 (a) Typical appearance of a mature diabetic cataract. Note the ...Figure 12.13 Lens sclerosis in a 10‐year‐old mixed dog, seen with diffuse il...Figure 12.14 (a) Lens subluxation viewed with optical section from left to r...Figure 12.15 Primary anterior lens luxation in a five‐year‐old dog seen with...Figure 12.16 (a) Age‐related posterior lens luxation in an 11‐year‐old mixed...Figure 12.17 (a) An 11‐MHz ultrasound using a linear probe demonstrating a c...Figure 12.18 The preoperative right (a) and left (b) eye of a diabetic dog w...Figure 12.19 Spontaneous equatorial lens capsular rupture extending from 10 ...Figure 12.20 Diagram of a routine phacoemulsification handpiece drawing the ...Figure 12.21 (a) An anterior‐limbal incision is made using a #64 Beaver blad...Figure 12.22 A bacterial stromal corneal ulcer in this diabetic dog six week...Figure 12.23 Corneal endothelial degeneration that progressively worsened ov...Figure 12.24 Long‐term complications of chronic uveitis including anterior s...Figure 12.25 Patient that underwent phacoemulsification and foldable acrylic...Figure 12.26 (a) A PMMA IOL two years postoperatively. The axial IOL and cap...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 PHA in a Golden Retriever. The hyaloid artery is visible as a wh...Figure 13.2 Postnatal persistence of vasculature belonging to the hyaloid sy...Figure 13.3 Right eye of a two‐month‐old Doberman with PHTVL/PHPV. Note the ...Figure 13.4 Asteroid hyalosis in a dog. (a) External appearance. (b) Ophthal...Figure 13.5 Vitreal hemorrhage following trauma in a dog. (a) Limited hemorr...Figure 13.6 Bullous RD in the left eye of a Bernese Mountain dog suffering f...Figure 13.7 Bilateral ERG in progress using a protocol for evaluation of rod...Figure 13.8 Normal appearance of the fundus in different canine breeds. (a) ...Figure 13.9 Maturation of the canine fundus: (a) 5 weeks of age; (b) 9 weeks...Figure 13.10 Coloboma in conjunction with a partially deformed disc and chor...Figure 13.11 RD is part of the CEA complex. Partial RDs near the disc as wel...Figure 13.12 Multifocal retinal dysplasia in a one‐year‐old Labrador Retriev...Figure 13.13 Oculoskeletal dysplasia in a Labrador Retriever. (a) Note the a...Figure 13.14 Retinal dysplasia and PHPV in a young Miniature Schnauzer. (a) ...Figure 13.15 Canine multifocal retinopathy. An eight‐year‐old Mastiff with m...Figure 13.16 Moderately advanced cases of bilateral retinal degeneration (PR...Figure 13.17 Fundus photographs showing progressive fundus changes in a Papi...Figure 13.18 An advanced case of retinal degeneration (PRA) in a five‐year‐o...Figure 13.19 Advanced prcd observed in a seven‐year‐old Miniature Poodle. (a...Figure 13.20 Representative dark‐adapted (a–d) and light‐adapted (to a backg...Figure 13.21 Right eye of a Collie with both PRA and CEA. Note the choroidal...Figure 13.22 Advanced RPED with typical ophthalmoscopic changes. (a) A four‐...Figure 13.23 Fundus lesions in dogs with cryptococcosis. (a) This dog had mu...Figure 13.24 An inactive peripapillary chorioretinitis lesion is shown. Ther...Figure 13.25 Inactive chorioretinitis lesions in the nontapetal fundus. (a) ...Figure 13.26 Hyperviscosity syndrome. (a) Hyperviscosity due to polycythemia...Figure 13.27 This eye had previously had a complete bullous RD. It had been ...Figure 13.28 Pigmented raised choroidal lesion in the peripheral tapetal fun...Figure 13.29 Giant retinal tear in a dog intraoperatively.Figure 13.30 Tractional RD in a dog after ocular trauma.Figure 13.31 PVR (double arrow) resulting in RD in the dog secondary to a fu...Figure 13.32 Intraoperative photograph of wide intrascleral venous plexus in...Figure 13.33 Sonograms of canine eyes with RD. (a) Partial RD. (b) Complete ...Figure 13.34 Degenerative vitreous characterized by corkscrews, tendrils, an...Figure 13.35 Postoperative barrier retinopexy of a retinal hole.Figure 13.36 Retinal radial tears. (a) Before laser treatment. (b) After las...Figure 13.37 Intraoperative view of a chronic giant retinal tear.Figure 13.38 (a) Self‐retaining silicone lens (Dutch Ophthalmic USA, Exeter,...Figure 13.39 Eva vitrectomy system (Dutch Ophthalmic USA, Exeter, NH, USA)....Figure 13.40 Aerial view of operating room setup during canine vitreoretinal...Figure 13.41 RD surgery on a giant retinal tear. (a) Before surgery. (b) Aft...Figure 13.42 Subretinal bleb in a canine eye immediately after successful in...Figure 13.43 Unilateral optic nerve hypoplasia in a Beagle puppy that was as...Figure 13.44 Optic nerve coloboma with peripapillary white laser burns and p...Figure 13.45 Optic neuritis may exhibit a swollen, raised, and hyperemic opt...Figure 13.46 Optic neuritis associated with GME. Note the swollen hyperemic ...Figure 13.47 Complete optic nerve avulsion caused by traumatic proptosis in ...Figure 13.48 Swelling, pronounced anterior protrusion, and congestion of the...Figure 13.49 Wedge‐shaped regions of tapetal hypo‐ and hyperreflectivity to ...

14 Chapter 14Figure 14.1 Ankyloblepharon and neonatal ophthalmia in a 2.5‐week‐old domest...Figure 14.2 Eyelid agenesis. The normal pink margin is missing in the tempor...Figure 14.3 (a and b) Chronic bilateral entropion in a two‐year‐old Persian ...Figure 14.4 Mycotic blepharitis. A three‐year‐old DSH exhibits multiple eryt...Figure 14.5 Demodicosis. Periocular skin scrapings were positive for Demodex Figure 14.6 Pemphigus erythematosus in an adult domestic longhair. Erythemat...Figure 14.7 Blepharitis attributed to adverse drug reaction. Repeated applic...Figure 14.8 Meibomitis is less conspicuous in cats than dogs, appearing in t...Figure 14.9 Lipogranulomatous conjunctivitis. (a) Lipid‐laden macrophages an...Figure 14.10 Squamous cell carcinoma. The most frequent eyelid neoplasm in c...Figure 14.11 Mast cell tumors range from small, lightly pigmented, alopecic ...Figure 14.12 Horner's syndrome. Enophthalmos, ptosis, third eyelid protrusio...Figure 14.13 Prolapse of the third eyelid gland in a three‐year‐old Burmese....Figure 14.14 PCR‐positive Chlamydia felis conjunctivitis in a six‐year‐old D...Figure 14.15 PCR‐positive Mycoplasma spp. conjunctivitis in a two‐year‐old D...Figure 14.16 Eosinophilic conjunctivitis in a seven‐year‐old DSH with a thre...Figure 14.17 Malignant melanoma of the conjunctiva in an 11‐year‐old DSH. A ...Figure 14.18 Conjunctival lymphoma was diagnosed in a nine‐year‐old DSH base...Figure 14.19 A common sequela of neonatal FHV‐1 infection, symblepharon can ...Figure 14.20 Eosinophilic keratitis. (a) Raised white plaques and vasculariz...Figure 14.21 Mycoplasma spp. was cultured from the axial cornea of this 16‐y...Figure 14.22 Mycotic keratitis in a seven‐year‐old DSH with a raised, dull c...Figure 14.23 Tropical keratopathy (Florida spots). (a) Multiple opacities in...Figure 14.24 Corneal sequestrum. (a) Early stromal bronzing associated with ...Figure 14.25 Corneal sequestrum of one‐year duration in a six‐year‐old DSH. ...Figure 14.26 ABK characterized by a well‐defined protrusion of markedly edem...Figure 14.27 Corneal dystrophy/degeneration. (a) Presumed endothelial dystro...Figure 14.28 (a) A subconjunctival limbal melanocytoma extends into the deep...Figure 14.29 Iris heterochromia in a white domestic shorthair cat.Figure 14.30 Esotropia in a feral DSH cat of unknown age.Figure 14.31 A network of PPMs originates at the iris collarette and spans t...Figure 14.32 The left pupil tilts along its vertical axis and is offset nasa...Figure 14.33 (a) A single darkly pigmented iris cyst remains attached within...Figure 14.34 (a) Mild rubeosis iridis with fine keratic precipitates and a s...Figure 14.35 (a) A fibrinous exudate obscures the severe rubeosis iridis tha...Figure 14.36 (a) Intraretinal and subretinal exudates appear as dark foci sc...Figure 14.37 Leishmaniasis in a 21‐year‐old European shorthair with prolifer...Figure 14.38 Mycotic uveitis. Panuveitis in a five‐year‐old DSH with cryptoc...Figure 14.39 (a) A flat area of pigmentation is interpreted as iris melanosi...Figure 14.40 (a) The right and (b) left eye of an FeLV‐negative six‐year‐old...Figure 14.41 Bilateral congenital glaucoma characterized by buphthalmos and ...Figure 14.42 (a) Photomicrograph from a feline globe with glaucoma secondary...Figure 14.43 Congenital cataracts. Immature cataracts were present bilateral...Figure 14.44 Traumatic cataract in an adult DSH following a penetrating inju...Figure 14.45 Subtle rubeosis iridis and lens capsule pigmentation accompanie...Figure 14.46 (a) The normal feline fundus is characterized by a brightly ref...Figure 14.47 Congenital retinal folds appear as dark spots and branching lin...Figure 14.48 Taurine deficiency retinopathy. (a) Early in the deficiency, bi...Figure 14.49 Generalized tapetal hyperreflectivity and profound retinal vess...Figure 14.50 Enrofloxacin‐associated retinal degeneration. (a) Increased tap...Figure 14.51 Mycotic chorioretinitis. (a) Multifocal circles of subretinal e...Figure 14.52 Hypertensive retinopathy. (a) Bullous retinal detachment and su...Figure 14.53 An optic disc coloboma in a four‐year‐old Siamese appears as a ...Figure 14.54 Proptosis in the cat is usually the result of severe head traum...Figure 14.55 Orbital cellulitis in a three‐year‐old DSH with periocular swel...Figure 14.56 (a) Orbital SCC in a 14‐year‐old DSH with secondary exophthalmo...

15 Chapter 15Figure 15.1 Nerve blocks used in the equine eye exam. (a) The auriculopalpeb...Figure 15.2 Microphthalmos in a foal with nictitans protrusion and conjuncti...Figure 15.3 Strabismus (hypertropia) in a foal with congenital cataract.Figure 15.4 Corneal dermoid in a foal. Note the pale spots within the pigmen...Figure 15.5 Congenital iris abnormalities in foals. (a) Iris hypoplasia dors...Figure 15.6 Horses affected with MCOA. (a) Individuals with the silver dappl...Figure 15.7 Congenital cataracts in foals. (a) Remnants of the tunica vascul...Figure 15.8 Corneal edema from congenital glaucoma in a foal.Figure 15.9 Ocular fundus abnormalities in the foal. (a) Focal peripapillary...Figure 15.10 Congenital retinal detachment in a foal. The retina is torn and...Figure 15.11 Eyelid abnormalities in foals. (a) Severe lower lid entropion a...Figure 15.12 (a) Severe upper lid laceration in a horse. (b) Surgical repair...Figure 15.13 Corneal ulcerations in foals. (a) Melting ulcer (keratomalacia)...Figure 15.14 Periorbital sinuses. The frontal (conchofrontal), maxillary (ca...Figure 15.15 (a) Fractures of the dorsal orbital rim are most common in hors...Figure 15.16 Extension of SCC from the eyelids and the nictitans into the or...Figure 15.17 Eyelid lacerations are often full‐thickness and require exact r...Figure 15.18 SCC is the most frequent ophthalmic neoplasm in the adult horse...Figure 15.19 Extensive SCC that has effaced the entire lower eyelid.Figure 15.20 SCC presents as either a mass or an ulcerated area. (a) SCC may...Figure 15.21 There are many therapeutic options for SCC. Early and aggressiv...Figure 15.22 Sarcoids are the second most frequent ophthalmic neoplasm in ad...Figure 15.23 Multiple melanomas of the eyelids, caruncle, and conjunctiva in...Figure 15.24 Nodular conjunctival lymphoma in a horse.Figure 15.25 Corneal ulcers are characterized by the loss of epithelium and ...Figure 15.26 SPL lavage treatment system placed in the upper conjunctival fo...Figure 15.27 Indolent ulcer with characteristic hyperplastic and nonadherent...Figure 15.28 Corneal foreign body consisting of organic material in the ante...Figure 15.29 Fungal infections are common in the horse, especially in the so...Figure 15.30 Fungal keratitis can present with multiple forms of keratitis. ...Figure 15.31 Bacterial keratitis and ulceration is also a common corneal dis...Figure 15.32 (a) Iris prolapse in a horse accompanied by severe anterior uve...Figure 15.33 Corneal abscessation in horse. (a) Large stromal abscess with s...Figure 15.34 (a) Illustration of a corneal abscess in the posterior stroma. ...Figure 15.35 Suspected viral keratitis in the horse. (a) Multifocal stromal ...Figure 15.36 IMMK complex is divided by the depth of cornea affected. (a) Ep...Figure 15.37 EK that appears as a white plaque at a common location under th...Figure 15.38 Calcific band keratopathy in a chronic ERU eye with an associat...Figure 15.39 Raised, fleshy corneal SCC. Corneal SCC usually arise from the ...Figure 15.40 Corpora nigra cysts, if large or within the pupil, can affect v...Figure 15.41 Iris melanoma in a blue iris.Figure 15.42 Anterior uveitis is usually divided into acute and chronic, whi...Figure 15.43 Significant destructive effects of inflammation occur with chro...Figure 15.44 Placement of a CsA‐releasing device under a scleral flap adjace...Figure 15.45 Glaucoma in the horses associated with age, previous uveitis, a...Figure 15.46 Cataracts, like other species, present in different areas, shap...Figure 15.47 Two‐handed surgical technique for phacofragmentation of an equi...Figure 15.48 The different ophthalmoscopic appearances of the normal equine ...Figure 15.49 Horse with posterior ERU with yellow cellular infiltrate in the...Figure 15.50 Horse with advanced vitreal degeneration, or syneresis, which i...Figure 15.51 Peripapillary chorioretinitis and focal retinal detachment in a...Figure 15.52 (a) Large scars from ERU‐induced chorioretinitis. (b) Peripapil...Figure 15.53 Focal chorioretinopathy, or bullet‐hole chorioretinitis, is mul...Figure 15.54 Reticulated or honeycomb pattern of accumulations of yellow‐bro...Figure 15.55 (a) Diffuse retinal detachment in the nontapetal ocular fundus ...Figure 15.56 Pale optic nerve and deceased retinal vascularity associated wi...Figure 15.57 PON in a 20‐year‐old Thoroughbred mare.

16 Chapter 16Figure 16.1 Microphthalmia of the left eye in a calf. The right eye is norma...Figure 16.2 A Holstein calf with convergent strabismus and exophthalmosFigure 16.3 Marked bilateral exophthalmos due to retrobulbar fat deposition ...Figure 16.4 Exophthalmos with marked hyperemia and thickening of both the pa...Figure 16.5 Extensive traumatic eyelid laceration in a cowFigure 16.6 Erosive lesion on lower eyelid, presumptive of early OSCC change...Figure 16.7 Papillomas of the left eyelid and periocular area in a steerFigure 16.8 Keratoacanthomas (keratinized elongated proliferative lesions) o...Figure 16.9 A large dermoid involving the nictitating membrane in Hereford c...Figure 16.10 Conjunctivitis, chemosis and white, lymphocytic, conjunctival p...Figure 16.11 Extensive corneal edema and conjunctivitis in a cow associated ...Figure 16.12 Cross section of a M. bovis bacterium harvested from rough colo...Figure 16.13 Cells from smooth (a) and rough (b) colonies of M. bovis. Only ...Figure 16.14 Early, faint fluorescein retention by a central cornea affected...Figure 16.15 Midstromal corneal ulcer surrounded by corneal edema and early ...Figure 16.16 Large, deep stromal corneal ulcer surrounded by cellular infilt...Figure 16.17 Central corneal granulation and fibrosis secondary to corneal u...Figure 16.18 Central corneal perforation with staphyloma formation associate...Figure 16.19 Secondary glaucoma with buphthalmos due to IBKFigure 16.20 Limbal gray‐white plaque in a Hereford cow.Figure 16.21 Limbal papilloma in a cow.Figure 16.22 Extensive invasive limbal squamous cell carcinoma involving mor...Figure 16.23 Ulcerated squamous cell carcinoma lesion involving the lower ey...Figure 16.24 Invasion of the anterior chamber and glaucoma associated with s...Figure 16.25 Lateral view of the Peterson nerve block for retrobulbar anesth...Figure 16.26 Buphthalmos in a nine‐year‐old Friesian cow that has perilimbal...Figure 16.27 Funduscopic views through the aphakic crescent of a glaucomatou...Figure 16.28 Iridal heterochromia in an albino beef Shorthorn calf. Clinical...Figure 16.29 Tricolored heterochromic iris of a Hereford bull with dominant ...Figure 16.30 Complete cataract secondary to uveitis. Note multiple areas of ...Figure 16.31 Immature cortical and nuclear cataract of unknown cause in an A...Figure 16.32 Normal bovine ocular fundus. The optic disc is predominantly in...Figure 16.33 The ocular fundus of a subalbinotic Shorthorn calf. The tapetal...Figure 16.34 Typical coloboma of the optic disc and nontapetal fundus. The m...Figure 16.35 Papilledema and retinal degeneration secondary to avitaminosis ...Figure 16.36 Inferior eyelid entropion and secondary keratitis in a lambFigure 16.37 Early stage of keratoconjunctivitis associated with mycoplasma ...Figure 16.38 Keratoconjunctivitis associated with mycoplasma infection in a ...Figure 16.39 Keratoconjunctivitis associated with mycoplasma infection in a ...Figure 16.40 Normal ovine ocular fundus. The kidney‐shaped optic disc is at ...Figure 16.41 Normal caprine ocular fundus. The round optic disc is at the ju...Figure 16.42 Normal extraocular photograph of pot‐bellied pig.Figure 16.43 Entropion in a pot‐bellied pig, with secondary trichiasis.Figure 16.44 Heterochromia iridis (clinically blue and white) in a white min...Figure 16.45 Dacryocystorhinogram of a cria with nasolacrimal disease showin...Figure 16.46 Severe chemosis with marked conjunctival hyperemia. This severi...Figure 16.47 A normal camelid eye. This iris is heterochromic, containing sh...Figure 16.48 Congenital ocular defects such as this iris coloboma (thought t...Figure 16.49 An immature cataract of unknown etiology in a middle‐aged llama...Figure 16.50 Funduscopic photograph of a normal camelid eye. The fundus is h...Figure 16.51 Fundic photograph of an alpaca. The arrow points to a hyaloid r...

17 Chapter 17Figure 17.1 Chromodacryorrhea occurs in many laboratory rodents, but particu...Figure 17.2 Microphthalmia and persistent hyaloid artery in the right eye (O...Figure 17.3 Clinical anophthalmos in a guinea pig.Figure 17.4 A small pink‐colored mass (flesh eye) in the medial canthus in g...Figure 17.5 Heterotopic bone formation (osseous metaplasia) in the ciliary b...Figure 17.6 Exophthalmos is caused by retrobulbar abscesses, usually origina...Figure 17.7 Infectious blepharitis without concurrent conjunctivitis and/or ...Figure 17.8 Annulus of conjunctiva growing over the cornea from the limbus. ...Figure 17.9 Rabbit with dacryocystitis with lid swelling and purulent exudat...Figure 17.10 Nonhealing corneal ulcer with devitalizes nonadherent epithelia...Figure 17.11 Hereditary glaucoma in the New Zealand white rabbit has been st...Figure 17.12 Uveitis in rabbits occurs secondary to lens capsular rupture an...Figure 17.13 (a) Sudden‐onset progressive cataract in Netherland dwarf rabbi...Figure 17.14 (a) Albino rabbit and (b) pigmented rabbit. Fundus of the rabbi...Figure 17.15 Anatomy of the fish eye.Figure 17.16 Anatomy of the amphibian eye.Figure 17.17 Lipid keratopathy in a frog Figure 17.18 Sea turtle with extensive proliferative ulcerative skin lesions...Figure 17.19 Blockage of the nasolacrimal duct in snakes is associated with ...Figure 17.20 Retained spectacle in a snake Figure 17.21 Young red‐eared turtle with periorbital swelling associated wit...Figure 17.22 Great horned owl with vitreal foreign body (feathers associated...Figure 17.23 Eurasian eagle owl with traumatic corneal perforation and secon...Figure 17.24 Right eye of a chinstrap penguin with a hypermature cataract an...Figure 17.25 (a) Right eye of a chinstrap penguin pharmacologically dilated ...

18 Chapter 18Figure 18.1 Drawing illustrating the insertions of the various extraocular m...Figure 18.2 Drawing illustrating the neuroanatomical pathway for the PLR.Figure 18.3 Drawing illustrating the postulated pathway of the dazzle reflex...Figure 18.4 The visual pathways, demonstrating how each side of the visual f...Figure 18.5 Horner's syndrome in a horse is characterized by profuse ipsilat...Figure 18.6 Right eye: D‐shaped pupil in miosis, fibrinous exudate in the na...Figure 18.7 Photograph of Siamese cat with congenital esotropia related to c...

19 Chapter 19Figure 19.1 Clinical presentation associated with oculoskeletal dysplasia, i...Figure 19.2 Congenital hydrocephalus in a toy breed with “sunset eyes.” The ...Figure 19.3 Fundus photograph of NCL‐affected Polish Owczarek Nizinny dog at...Figure 19.4 Multiple retinal hemorrhages and possible papilledema associated...Figure 19.5 Fundus photographs of a dog with multiple myeloma. (a) Left fund...Figure 19.6 Yellow‐appearing iris in a dog with icterus. The clinically norm...Figure 19.7 Juvenile pyoderma in a young Saint Bernard.Figure 19.8 Extraocular myositis. (a) Golden Retriever, 1‐year‐old male, wit...Figure 19.9 Multifocal, depigmented lesions in the nontapetal fundus of a do...Figure 19.10 Gross image of a sectioned globe infected with Prototheca. Ther...Figure 19.11 Bartonellosis in a dog. Fundus photograph demonstrating multifo...Figure 19.12 Photograph of the left eye (OS) of a dog with Brucella canis en...Figure 19.13 Fundus photograph of the OS of a dog with Brucella canis endoph...Figure 19.14 Labrador Retriever with tetraparesis and Cryptococcus in the CS...Figure 19.15 Conjunctivitis in a dog with leishmaniasis. Note the prominent ...Figure 19.16 Left fundus of a four‐year‐old, female German Shepherd dog with...Figure 19.17 Distemper‐induced, multifocal white lesions deep to the retinal...Figure 19.18 Acute blindness in a dog with distemper associated with papilli...Figure 19.19 “Blue eye.” Mild but extensive corneal edema in a puppy 10–14 d...Figure 19.20 Immature cortical cataracts in a mixed‐breed dog with diabetes ...Figure 19.21 Three cats with MPS showing the typical features of this class ...Figure 19.22 (a) Fundus photograph of a geriatric cat with systemic hyperten...Figure 19.23 (a) Photograph of the OS of a cat with ocular coccidioidomycosi...Figure 19.24 Two‐year‐old female European cat with a conjunctivocorneal mass...Figure 19.25 Chorioretinitis with a circumscribed lesion in a cat with crypt...Figure 19.26 Cuterebriasis in a cat. Fundus photograph of the organism in th...Figure 19.27 Acute anterior uveitis with keratic precipitates in a cat with ...Figure 19.28 Early intraocular lymphosarcoma (FeLV) presented as anterior uv...Figure 19.29 Early taurine deficiency retinopathy in a cat. In the area cent...Figure 19.30 Acute retinal degeneration in a 15‐year‐old, male castrated cat...Figure 19.31 White pattern continuum for heterozygote (LP/lp) and homozygote...Figure 19.32 (a) Photograph of the eye of a Rocky Mountain Horse with congen...Figure 19.33 (a) Right eye of affected animal with large and translucent cys...Figure 19.34 Fundus photograph of the left eye of a Rocky Mountain Horse. No...Figure 19.35 Tapetal fundus from the right eye of WB3, diagnosed with clinic...Figure 19.36 Tapetal–nontapetal junction from the left eye of WB2, diagnosed...Figure 19.37 Ulcerative granuloma of the medial canthus of the right eye of ...Figure 19.38 Left eye of a horse with equine viral arteritis. Note the marke...Figure 19.39 Chlamydial conjunctivitis in a young goat. Conjunctival inclusi...Figure 19.40 Recumbent heifer with thromboembolic meningoencephalitis‐relate...Figure 19.41 Malignant catarrhal fever in a cow. Note the conjunctival and s...Figure 19.42 Retinal photograph from scrapie‐affected sheep showing raised b...Figure 19.43 (a) Normal fundus appearance of a Friesian calf. Note the prese...