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At the same time, in the beginning of the past century Russia became home to a new line of thought that regarded the condition of a human as a systemic issue, and the life in Universe as a structural process.

“Synthetic study of natural phenomena – its natural bodies and the nature itself as a ‘whole’ – inevitably reveals some structural properties that are left out when taking an analytic approach and gives new insights. This synthetic approach is now quite popular, both within scientific and philosophic pursuits. The most noticeable result of this approach is the fading of borders between sciences – we perform scientific study of problems with no regard for scientific limitations.”

Vernadski V.I.

“Life is an uncontainable, structured, goal-oriented process.”

Gurvich A.

In 1935 Bauer formulated the fundamental functioning principle of biological systems and called it “the principle of the permanent inequilibrium.”

“All and only the living systems are never in equilibrium and are using their free energy for continuous work against the equilibrium that is required by the laws of physics and chemistry under current external conditions.”

Bauer E.

According to Bauer, this principle arises from the three main postulates, to which the living systems must conform.

•First, “all living matter is characterized, first of all, by self-induced changes of its state, i.e. changes of state that are not caused by any external factors outside said living matter.”

•Second, “in any kind of environment all living matter works against the equilibrium that should take place within given environment for the given initial condition of the system.”

•Third, “upon any kind of external influence and, therefore, upon any change of the environment, the system must perform work that would influence the alterations of state induced by said external influence, thus changing them.”

The described principles correlate with modern ideas on self-organizing systems, developed by the schools of I.Prigozhin and G.Haken. According to S.E.Shnol – a prominent Russian biophysicist – the following is directly related to the problems in question:

1)thermodynamics of irreversible processes;

2)information theory;

3)bioenergetics (ways and mechanisms of energy transformation in biological processes);

4)physics and physical chemistry of biologically important macromolecules.

This list should also include the concept of cyclic influences of cosmic processes in biology, especially by the Sun. The prominent Russian scientist A.L. Chizhevskiy was the first to draw attention towards these issues. He developed and validated the principle of ‘cosmic determinism' – the dependence of terrestrial biological cycles on Earth on the cosmic activity.

“We are used to the crude and narrow-minded antiphilosophical idea of life being the outcome of a random interplay of solely terrestrial forces. This, of course, is wrong. We can see that life is more of a cosmic phenomenon than an earthly one. It has been created by the influence of creative dynamics of the Cosmos on the inert material of Earth. It lives by the dynamics of these forces, and every organic pulsation is harmonized with the beating of cosmic heart – the enormous congregation of nebulae, stars, the Sun and the planets”.

Chizhevskiy A.L.

Nowadays these issues have been extensively studied by hundreds of scientists all over the world and do not longer cause such controversy as in Chizhevskiy’s time. Ideas of the rhythmic of life in all its manifestations – from an individual person’s cycles of activity, such as neurohumoral and endocrine processes, to the macro scale rhythms of the society – have permeated all layers of society and received public recognition. All the more, we have increasing understanding that those rhythms are directly related to our everyday life and health.