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1 Bardhan, Pranab, “Does Globalization Help or Hurt the World’s Poor?” Scientific American, 294 (April 2006), pp. 84–91. The answer according to this short article is that it does both. Bardhan discusses how to maximize the help and minimize the hurt.

2 Bhagwati, Jagdish, In Defense of Globalization (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). The argument of this economics professor at Columbia University is that globalization has been overwhelmingly a good thing and its few downsides can be mitigated. His thesis that globalization leads to economic growth and economic growth leads to the reduction of poverty is the foundation for his belief that poor nations are not hurt by globalization but actually need more of it.

3 Chua, Amy, World on Fire: How Exporting Free Market Democracy Breeds Ethnic Hatred and Global Instability (New York: Anchor Books, 2003). A professor of law at Yale University, the author, who is a friend of globalization, argues that as the market and democracy have spread into the less developed nations, ethnic hatred and violence have increased, along with anti‐Americanism. Chua explains why and identifies the urgent need for a greater sharing of the economic wealth that globalization has brought to various minorities.

4 Collier, Paul, The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done About It (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007). Focusing mainly on Africa, where Collier states 70 percent of the world’s poor live, he focuses on what he sees as the four main causes of poverty: civil war, the curse of rich resources, a landlocked location, and bad government.

5 Collins, Daryl, Jonathan Morduch, Stuart Rutherford, and Orlanda Ruthven, Portfolios of the Poor: How the World’s Poor Live on $2 a Day (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2009). The authors visited 100 households twice a month over a year in Bangladesh, India, and South Africa to record poor people’s income, much of it from the informal economy. The authors also examine many microcredit operations.

6 Farmer, Paul, Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights and the New War on the Poor (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003). Farmer presents case studies to support his three main points: the poor are not responsible for their situation, but have been hurt by their circumstances; the poor can be successfully treated and cured of disease, even those in the most dire conditions; good health is a human right, for without it all other human rights are meaningless.

7 McKibben, Bill, “Reversal of Fortune,” Mother Jones (March/April 2007), pp. 33–43, 87–8. McKibben attacks the central concept of market economics: economic growth. Here, in his own words, is his justification for a position most people consider radical: “Growth no longer makes most people wealthier but instead generates inequality and insecurity. Growth is bumping up against physical limits so profound – like climate change and peak oil – that trying to expand the economy may be not just impossible but also dangerous.”

8 Sachs, Jeffrey D., The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for Our Time (New York: Penguin Press, 2005). Sachs presents a plan to rid the world of extreme poverty by 2025. He does not dismiss the effectiveness of the market approach but believes that it is incomplete by itself. Poor countries that are weighed down by harmful geography, an inadequate healthcare system, and weak infrastructure (e.g., roads, ports, power, and communication facilities) cannot improve without significant, wisely given, foreign aid.

9 Singer, Peter, One World: The Ethics of Globalization (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2002). Called one of the most provocative philosophers of our time, Singer writes, “How well we come through the era of globalization (perhaps whether we come through it at all) will depend on how we respond ethically to the idea that we live in one world.”

10 United Nations Development Programme, United Nations Environment Programme, World Bank, and World Resources Institute, World Resources 2005: The Wealth of the Poor: Managing Ecosystems to Fight Poverty (Washington, DC: World Resources Institute, 2005). An attractive, easy‐to‐read reference source giving environmental, social, and economic trends of about 150 nations. In this volume the focus is on how the natural world can be utilized in a sustainable manner to benefit the rural poor.