Читать книгу Na-ion Batteries - Laure Monconduit - Страница 3

1 IntroductionFigure I.1. Abundance of elements in the Earth’s crust (Pan et al. 2013). For a ...

2 Chapter 1Figure 1.1. Comparison of charge/discharge curves for Li//LiCoO₂ and Na//NaCoO₂ ...Figure 1.2. Average voltage (V) and energy density (Wh kg⁻¹) versus gravimetric ...Figure 1.3. Structure field map of ABO₂ compounds. Modified with permission from...Figure 1.4. Schematic illustrations of the crystal structures of O3-, P3-, and P...Figure 1.5. Schematic illustrations of crystal structures reported for partly de...Figure 1.6. (a) Calculated formation energies versus composition for Na_xCoO₂ con...Figure 1.7. Schematic illustrations of (a) P2-type and two choices of O2-type st...Figure 1.8. Comparison of galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of layered O3 an...Figure 1.9. (a) Initial charge and discharge curves of Na//NaCrO₂ cells at a rat...Figure 1.10. (a) Schematic illustrations of crystal structures for O’3 and zig-z...Figure 1.11. (a) Potential profile (second cycle) of Na₂Mn₃O₇ upon (de)intercala...Figure 1.12. Comparison of galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of layered O3 a...Figure 1.13. Charge/discharge curves of P2, P’3 and O3 type Na_xCoO₂ in Na cells....Figure 1.14. Comparison of galvanostatic charge/discharge curves of layered P2 t...

3 Chapter 2Figure 2.1. A gathering of the working potential and the specific capacity of di...Figure 2.2. Illustration of the structural frameworks of the main families of po...Figure 2.3. (a) NASICON (generally rhombohedral) and anti-NASICON (generally mon...Figure 2.4. Galvanostatic electrochemical first cycles obtained for (a) Na₃V₂(PO...Figure 2.5. Accessible compositions and the corresponding voltages of the Mⁿ⁺/M(...Figure 2.6. Accessible compositions and the corresponding voltages of the Mⁿ⁺/ M...Figure 2.7. (a) DSC curve recorded for Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ from −30 to 225°C showing the...Figure 2.8. (a) Charge/discharge profiles for the C-coated Na₃V₂(PO₄)₃ sample at...Figure 2.9. (a) Galvanostatic cycling at current rate of C/2 or C/10 at 200^oC, w...Figure 2.10. (a) Typical charge–discharge profiles of a liquid-based hard carbon...Figure 2.11. Electrochemical signatures of (a) Na₃Al_0.5V_1.5(PO₄)₃, (b) Na₂TiV(PO...Figure 2.12. (a) Structural framework of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃. (b) Distribution of the ...Figure 2.13. (a) Voltage versus capacity electrochemical curves obtained for a h...Figure 2.14. Potential–composition electrochemical curves obtained upon Na⁺ extr...Figure 2.15. (a) Vanadium K edge XANES spectra collected operando during charge ...Figure 2.16. (a) Comparison of the IR spectra of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃, Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F_2.4O...Figure 2.17. (Left) Comparison of the electrochemical charge/discharge data obta...Figure 2.18. Electrochemical cycling performance and coulombic efficiencies of (...Figure 2.19. (a) The computed voltage curves in the range of 1 ≤ x ≤ 4 for Na_xV₂...Figure 2.20. The charge/discharge profile of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃ with a high cut-off v...Figure 2.21. Comparison of the defect formation energies in NaV₂(PO₄)₂F₃ and Na₂...Figure 2.22. Calculated voltage profiles of Na₃V₂(PO₄)₂F₃ with different anionic...

4 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Hard carbon models as proposed by (a) Warren (1941), (b) Franklin (1...Figure 3.2. Temperature programmed desorption coupled with mass spectrometry sho...Figure 3.3. (a) Representation of the main categories of precursors used to prep...Figure 3.4. Schematic representation of lignocellulosic biomass structure (credi...Figure 3.5. (a) XRD pattern for hard carbon derived from phenolic resin, synthes...Figure 3.6. TEM micrographs of PAN-derived hard carbon at (a) 1,550°C and (b) 2,...Figure 3.7. Surface area values determined from (a) N₂ and (b) CO₂ adsorption me...Figure 3.8. Comparison between (a) gas adsorption (quantification of open pores ...Figure 3.9. (a) Typical SAXS patterns for hard carbon. Samples synthesized from ...Figure 3.10. Schematic representation of oxygen-based functional groups evolving...Figure 3.11. (a) Disorder degree determined by either the I_D/I_G or I_G/I_D ratio b...Figure 3.12. (a) Reversible capacity and (b) ICE of different hard carbons as a ...Figure 3.13. Charge/discharge profiles for (a) low surface area hard carbon and ...Figure 3.14. SEM images of (a) PVC nanofibers (Reprinted with permission from Ba...Figure 3.15. Performance obtained in 18,650 cells: (a) long-term cyclability at ...Figure 3.16. (a) Visual representation of the card-house model on Na-ion storage...Figure 3.17. Representation of different storage mechanisms in hard carbons. (a)...

5 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Main families of negative electrodes for NIB (Li et al. 2018a). For ...Figure 4.2. Crystal structures of (a) rutile, (b) anatase, (c) TiO2(B) and (d) b...Figure 4.3. (a) Charge/discharge potential profiles of rhombohedral anatase part...Figure 4.4. The phase transformation (a) and the related structural modification...Figure 4.5. (a) Cycling performance at 1 C and (b) rate capability of Na₂Ti₃O₇ a...Figure 4.6. (a) Electrochemical charge/discharge signature at C/10 and (b) cycle...Figure 4.7. Schematic diagram for phase transition from 2H-MoS₂ to 1T-MoS₂. The ...Figure 4.8. Preparation of MXenes form the corresponding MAX phases (Naguib et a...Figure 4.9. (a) Redox reaction mechanisms of Na₄C₈H₂O₆ at 0.3 and 2.3 V, (b) ini...Figure 4.10. Capacity retention versus Na⁺/Na at C/20 of (a) siloxene and (b) ge...Figure 4.11. (a) Transmission electron microscope (TEM) image and (b) high-resol...Figure 4.12. Schematic illustration of the chemical bonding between phosphorus, ...Figure 4.13. Example of a phosphorene-graphene hybrid material as a high capacit...Figure 4.14. Proposed mechanism for the sodiation/desodiation of black P (adapte...Figure 4.15. (a) Capacity retention of Sb/Li and Sb/Na half-cells cycled at C/2 ...Figure 4.16. (a) Ex situ ²³Na NMR spectra of cycled Sb electrodes at different s...Figure 4.17. (a) Composition−voltage profile for Pb/Na cells cycled at C/10 (top...Figure 4.18. (a) Timeline of conversion materials successfully tested versus Na ...Figure 4.19. (a) SnTe, a typical multistep reaction mechanism including conversi...Figure 4.20. Calculated differences in (a) cell potential and (b) volume change ...Figure 4.21. (a) SEM and (b and c) TEM images of 5 nm Fe₂O₃. (d) Particle size d...Figure 4.22. (a) Preparation and (b) TEM image of mesoporous Co₃O₄ preparation v...Figure 4.23. (a) Cycling stability of SnS₂ for six different electrode formulati...

6 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. (a) Linear sweep voltammetry of a sodium cell with two electrolytes:...Figure 5.2. Cycling performance of the NVP/C/IL/HC at different current densitie...Figure 5.3. (a) Cycling performance of sodium metal cells with an NVP/C cathode ...Figure 5.4. (a) Phase diagram of NaTFSI in [P_111i4][TFSI] binary systems and (b)...Figure 5.5. Galvanostatic cycling of sodium symmetrical cell with 90 mol% NaFSI ...Figure 5.6. Schematic of the main types of charge carriers and their charges pre...Figure 5.7. Snap-shot from an MD trajectory showing fast ions to cluster. Reprin...

7 Chapter 6Figure 6.1. Schematic illustration of SEI structures (Peled and Menkin 2017). Fo...Figure 6.2. A schematic diagram of depth profiling of the SEI using X-ray photoe...Figure 6.3. (a and b) Histograms of Young’s modulus for a Na-based SEI layer aft...Figure 6.4. (a) FTIR spectra of electrolytes from glass-fiber separators before ...Figure 6.5. (a and b) Galvanostatic cycling combined with extended relaxation ti...Figure 6.6. Development of relative peak intensity for the carbon black peak mea...Figure 6.7. (a) C 1s spectra of Fe₂O₃ electrodes after one CV cycle in a Li half...Figure 6.8. SEM images of (a) Li metal surface after 24 h soaked in LP30 at OCV ...Figure 6.9. ToF-SIMS spectra of hard carbon electrodes after the first cycle in ...Figure 6.10. Li- and Na-intercalation in hard carbon. (a) Cycling performance fi...Figure 6.11. Nyquist plots from impedance spectroscopy measurements before and a...Figure 6.12. (a) Nyquist plots from impedance spectroscopy measurements for Li (...

8 Chapter 7Figure 7.1. The unit cell of a defect free, cubic Prussian blue structure. The l...Figure 7.2. The unit cell of a cubic Prussian blue structure containing a centra...Figure 7.3. The charge and discharge reaction potential profiles of copper hexac...Figure 7.4. Semiquantitative comparison of the typical deep discharge cycle life...Figure 7.5. The ranges of the typical reaction potentials of electrochemically a...Figure 7.6. Schematic of the electrochemical reactions of Prussian blue and the ...Figure 7.7. Schematic representations of the charge potential profiles and M³⁺ c...Figure 7.8. Scanning electron micrographs, X-ray diffraction spectra, and galvan...Figure 7.9. The effect of lattice parameter on the reaction potentials of hexacy...Figure 7.10. The voltage profiles of cell containing a copper hexacyanoferrate c...Figure 7.11. A commercial PBA cell produced by Natron Energy. This 1.57 V, 4.1 A...Figure 7.12. Galvanostatic charge (top panel) and discharge (bottom panel) profi...Figure 7.13. The normalized capacity, coulombic efficiency and energy efficiency...Figure 7.14. Normalized capacities of 4.1 Ah cells containing two PBA electrodes...Figure 7.15. Cell voltage (top panel) and temperatures at key locations (bottom ...Figure 7.16. The BlueTray4000 UPS battery tray presently sold by Natron Energy. ...Figure 7.17. Schematic of a high-voltage PBA versus hard carbon cell as develope...

9 Chapter 8Figure 8.1. X-ray diffraction pattern (CuK_α irradiation) of (a) a pure O3-type p...Figure 8.2. SEM image of a typical mixed-phase cathode material showing (a) a ~2...Figure 8.3. SEM images of the composite Faradion: (a) cathode electrode and (b) ...Figure 8.4. Schematic representation of a stacked Faradion Na-ion pouch cell. Fo...Figure 8.5. Half-cell (vs. Na metal) performances of Faradion cathode and anode....Figure 8.6. Faradion full Na-ion cell voltage profile at 10 mAh scale. For a col...Figure 8.7. Faradion full Na-ion cell cycling data at (a) C/5 at 4.2–1.0 V, (b) ...Figure 8.8. Faradion full Na-ion cell rate capability for discharge at various r...Figure 8.9. Faradion full Na-ion cell temperature performance at 30, 60 and −20°...Figure 8.10. Schematic of Faradion’s three-electrode cell designFigure 8.11. Three-electrode cycling curves of a typical Faradion cell showing (...Figure 8.12. Effect of 0 V short-circuit at the end of each discharge cycle for ...Figure 8.13. Faradion 1 Ah Na-ion cell cycling performance. For a color version ...Figure 8.14. Faradion’s E-bike battery pack modules. For a color version of this...Figure 8.15. Faradion’s Na-ion powered E-bike in operationFigure 8.16. Faradion 12 Ah Na-ion pouch cells. (a) Picture of such a cell conta...Figure 8.17. Faradion Gen 2 anode performance in (a) half-cell and (b) three-ele...Figure 8.18. Comparison of cell energy densities obtained between Faradion’s uno...Figure 8.19. Comparison of cathode-specific discharge capacities and average dis...