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Chapter 2

A Chronology of the COVID-19 Epidemic on the Mainland

In this chapter, we try to provide a brief chronological account of the evolution of the COVID-19 epidemic on the Mainland of China. Chapter 2 consists of four sections, titled The Beginning, The Blockade and Lockdown, Combatting the COVID-19 Virus, and The Re-Opening.

The Beginning

The COVID-19 epidemic first broke out in Wuhan, the capital city of Hubei Province, China. The first patient was identified with an unknown viral pneumonia on 1 December 2019,¹ and subsequently reported and confirmed in a study published in a scientific journal, The Lancet, on 24 January 2020 (Huang, et al., 2020). However, this first patient had no history of direct or indirect contact with the South China Seafood Market in Wuhan, the suspected original source of the COVID-19 virus in China. During the entire month of December 2019, little more was known about the pneumonia, though some local hospitals in Wuhan did find clusters of similarly infected patients.

The Wuhan Municipal Health Commission first informed the public of this unknown pneumonia on 31 December 2019. As of that date, 27 infected patients had already been identified, most of whom appeared to have had direct or indirect connections to or contacts with the South China Seafood Market.² At the same time that Wuhan first informed the public about the unknown pneumonia, it also declared that no medical personnel had been infected and no evidence of human-to-human transmission of the virus had been confirmed.³ On the same day, the regional office of the World Health Organization (WHO) in Beijing was informed about the virus of unknown origin.⁴ Also on the same day, an inspection team led by the Director of the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) arrived in Wuhan to carry out an examination of the unknown pneumonia.⁵ On 1 January 2020, the National Health Commission of China set up a Leading Group for Epidemic Prevention and Control to monitor the situation.⁶ The Wuhan Municipal Government also closed the South China Seafood Market, with which most of the then confirmed cases had had direct or indirect contacts, on 1 January 2020.⁷

After receiving the report from Wuhan on 1 January 2020, WHO set up the Incident Management Support Team to deal with the potential outbreak. Three days later, WHO reported on its social media that a cluster of unknown pneumonia patients (with as yet no deaths) had been found in Wuhan, Hubei, China.⁸

The primary clinical symptoms of this unknown pneumonia at the time were fever and dyspnea (shortness of breath), and infiltrative lesions in both lungs (identifiable by X-ray or CT Scan). The Wuhan Municipal Government organised a group of experts in clinical medicine, epidemiology and virology to jointly study the unknown pneumonia.⁹ On 5 January 2020, the genetic sequence of the novel coronavirus was deposited in the GenBank, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library for Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A.¹⁰ On 7 January, laboratory analysis indicated that the viral pneumonia was caused by a novel coronavirus.¹¹ Four days later, on 11 January, China publicly shared the gene sequence of this novel coronavirus (i.e. COVID-19) on the website of virological.org.¹²

On 13 January, Thailand confirmed its first case, and also the very first reported case outside of China. On 14 January, after the gene sequence of this novel coronavirus was disclosed by China, WHO named it 2019-nCoV.¹³

In the meantime, patients infected by the novel coronavirus had also been found on the Mainland outside of Hubei. On 19 January, Guangdong confirmed its first case in Shenzhen.¹⁴ On 20 January, Shanghai confirmed its first case and Beijing confirmed its first five cases.^15,16 Within five days, COVID-19 patients were identified and reported in every province, municipality and autonomous region of China, with the exception of Tibet.^17,18 Tibet reported its first case (and its only case as of this writing) on 28 January.¹⁹

With the rising number of newly confirmed cases and finding a history of contacts among patients, Professor ZHONG Nanshan, a well-respected Chinese medical and virological expert, determined that the unknown virus may be infectious during his inspection visit to Wuhan on 20 January.²⁰ Two days later, WHO stated that there was evidence of human-to-human transmission in Wuhan, even though more investigation would be needed to fully understand the transmission.²¹ The human-to-human transmission and infectiousness was finally confirmed by an academic study published in The New England Journal of Medicine on 29 January 2020 (Li, et al., 2020).²²

By 30 January, there were 82 confirmed cases spread over 18 countries outside of China. On that day, the WHO declared that the 2019-nCoV was a Public Health Emergency of International Concern. Later, on 11 February, WHO formally changed the name of the novel coronavirus from 2019-nCoV to COVID-19.²³

On 12 February, Hubei changed its definition of a “confirmed” case to conform to the practice in the rest of the Mainland, that is, in the absence of results from a nucleic acid test, a combination of clinical symptoms is also sufficient to confirm a COVID-19 case. This change in definition led to a huge increase of newly confirmed cases from 1,638 on 11 February to 14,840 cases on 12 February in Hubei.²⁴

Before 12 February, Hubei had maintained a stricter set of criteria for a confirmed coronavirus case than the rest of the Mainland. Among the three or four criteria for the determination of a confirmed case in Hubei, it was necessary for a patient to be tested positive by a specific nucleic acid test for the coronavirus virus. Even if a patient satisfied all of the other criteria, and despite observed clinical symptoms, he or she would not be classified as a confirmed case in the absence of this positive test. Under the new definition adopted by Hubei on 12 February, which has been and continues to be used in the rest of the Mainland, this condition is no longer absolutely necessary, as long as the other criteria are satisfied. This change in the definition led to the reclassification of many previously unconfirmed cases as confirmed cases, resulting in a steep one-time jump in the number of newly confirmed cases in Wuhan and Hubei on 12 February. However, the underlying situation remained the same; so we adjusted for this surge in the number of newly confirmed cases by smoothing it and then using the adjusted numbers for further analyses (see details in Appendix 1).

The time line of the events under “The Beginning” is presented in Table 2-1.

Table 2-1: The Beginning

Date	Events
1 December 2019	The first COVID-19 case was confirmed in Wuhan.
31 December 2019	The Wuhan Municipal Health Commission reported identifying 27 cases of unknown viral pneumonia, but no evidence of human-to-human transmission had been confirmed.
31 December 2019	An inspection team led by the Director of the China Center for Disease Control and Prevention arrived in Wuhan to carry out an examination of the unknown viral pneumonia.
1 January 2020	The National Health Commission of China set up a Leading Group for Epidemic Prevention and Control.
1 January 2020	The South China Seafood Market, the suspected origin of the COVID-19 virus, was closed by the Wuhan Municipal Government.
4 January 2020	The World Health Organization (WHO) reported a cluster f unknown pneumonia cases in Wuhan on its social media.
5 January 2020	The genetic sequence of the novel coronavirus was deposited in the GenBank, National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library for Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland, U.S.A.
7 January 2020	Laboratory analysis indicated that the pathogen of the unexplained viral pneumonia in Wuhan was caused by a novel coronavirus.
10 January 2020	China publicly shared the genetic sequence of the novel coronavirus on the website of virological.org.
13 January 2020	The first confirmed case outside of China was found in Thailand.
14 January 2020	WHO officially named the novel coronavirus 2019-nCoV.
19 January 2020	The first confirmed case on the Mainland outside of Hubei was reported in Shenzhen, Guangdong Province.
20 January 2020	The first confirmed case was reported in Shanghai and the first five confirmed cases were reported in Beijing.
20 January 2020	Prof. ZHONG Nanshan, a medical and virological expert, visited Wuhan for an inspection and determined that the 2019-nCoV pneumonia could be transmitted from human to human.
22 January 2020	Confirmed cases were reported in the Provinces of Fujian, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hainan, Henan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Ningxia, Shaanxi and Shanxi. Cases were reported in Gansu, Xinjiang and Qinghai in the following two days.
24 January 2020	A study on the clinical features of the COVID-19 virus found in Wuhan was published in The Lancet.
25 January 2020	Confirmed cases were reported in Shandong, Tianjin and Yunnan, thus covering the entire country except Tibet.
28 January 2020	The first and only case was reported in Tibet.
29 January 2020	The possibility of human-to-human transmission of the virus was formally confirmed in a scientific study published in The New England Journal of Medicine.
30 January 2020	WHO declared the novel coronavirus outbreak (2019-nCoV) a “Public Health Emergency of International Concern”.

The Blockade and Lockdown

On 14 January, WHO noted at a media briefing that there might be limited human-to-human transmission of the viral pneumonia caused by a novel coronavirus. On that day, the cumulative total number of confirmed cases and deaths in Wuhan were 41 and 1, respectively. However, in the following week, the cumulative total number of confirmed cases and deaths in Wuhan increased rapidly to 425 and 17, respectively. Moreover, beginning on 19 January, the COVID-19 virus gradually spread to many other provinces and cities outside of Hubei and Wuhan.

In order to prevent the further spread of the disease, Hubei was gradually sealed off beginning 23 January (the day before the Spring Festival holiday). At 10 am on 23 January, Wuhan was sealed off from the rest of China. By the end of the same day, another six cities in Hubei — Chibi, Ezhou, Huanggang, Qianjiang, Xiantao and Zhijiang^25,26 — were locked down. Their residents were not allowed to leave these cities and most of them were required to stay at home. All regular inbound and outbound flights and trains, both domestic and international, were cancelled. All highway and waterway traffic was blocked.²⁷

With the alarmingly rapid spread of the epidemic, the cumulative number of newly confirmed cases in Hubei doubled in three days, from 270 on 20 January to 549 on 23 January, and then more than doubled again to 1,423 on 26 January.²⁸ Thus, on 27 January, all 12 prefecture-level cities, one autonomous prefecture and three county-level cities in Hubei, with the exception of Shennongjia Forest region, were locked down.²⁹

Hubei launched a Level II emergency response to public health emergencies on 22 January.³⁰ It was followed by the entire Mainland (including Hubei itself) launching Level I (the highest) emergency response to public health emergencies within the same week.^31,32

The time line of the events under “The Blockade and Lockdown” is presented in Table 2-2.

Table 2-2: The Blockade and Lockdown

Date	Events
22 January 2020	Hubei implemented a Level II emergency response to major public health emergencies.
23 January 2020	A blockade was imposed on Wuhan, suspending all air and rail services into and out of Wuhan. All highways, roads and waterways into and out of Wuhan were also blocked. A lockdown of the entire city was implemented at 10:00 am.
23 January 2020	An additional six cities in Hubei — Chibi, Ezhou, Huanggang, Qianjiang, Xiantao and Zhijiang — were also sealed off and locked down at 11:00 pm.
23 January 2020	Hunan, Guangdong and Zhejiang implemented Level I emergency responses to major public health emergencies.
24 January 2020	Hubei raised its emergency response from Level II to Level I. Anhui, Beijing, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangxi, Jiangxi, Shandong, Shanghai, Sichuan, Tianjin and Yunnan all launched Level I responses to major public health emergencies.
25 January 2020	Gansu, Guizhou, Hainan, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Neimenggu (Inner Mongolia), Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shanxi and Xinjiang launched Level I responses to major public health emergencies.
27 January 2020	Xiangyang, the second largest city of Hubei, was also locked down. Altogether, 12 prefecture-level cities, 1 autonomous prefecture and 3 county-level cities within Hubei, with the exception of Shennongjia Forest region, were also locked down.
29 January 2020	Tibet launched a Level I response to major public health emergencies.

Combatting the COVID-19 Virus

On 23 January, the cumulative total numbers of confirmed COVID-19 cases in Wuhan and Hubei, according to official data, stood at 495 and 549 respectively and had been doubling every three days. It was determined that at this rate of growth, the then existing healthcare infrastructure and personnel in Wuhan and Hubei would be totally overwhelmed and unable to handle the situation on their own. In order to alleviate the shortage of healthcare personnel, the central government coordinated the provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions to send medical teams to support Hubei. The first such team arrived in Wuhan on 23 January. Since then, a total of 344 medical teams from different parts of the country, consisting of 11,416 medical doctors and 28,679 nurses, had rushed to assist Hubei and Wuhan.³³

In order to alleviate the shortage of medical facilities in Wuhan, in particular, the shortage of hospitals equipped with intensive care units and isolation wards, two new hospitals — Huoshenshan (Fire God Mountain) Hospital and Leishenshan (Thunder God Mountain) Hospital — were built and equipped at record speed in Wuhan, to treat the most critically and severely ill COVID-19 patients. The Huoshenshan Hospital began construction in the evening of 23 January and formally commenced operation, staffed by volunteer medical personnel of the People’s Liberation Army, on 2 February.³⁴ It took only ten days from the final design to the completion and delivery, which is known as the “Speed of China”.³⁵ Construction of the Leishenshan Hospital, with 1,600 beds, started on 28 January, and it was completed and put into service on 8 February,³⁶ also at record speed.

Fangcang, in Chinese, literally means a cabin in Noah’s Ark. Fangcang hospitals were temporary hospitals specially set up to treat the patients of the COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan. The two new hospitals (Huoshenshan Hospital and Leishenshan Hospital) were primarily used to treat the severely and critically ill patients, while the Fangcang hospitals were mainly used to treat patients with mild COVID-19 symptoms.

In order to rapidly expand the capacity of its hospitals, Wuhan started to set up Fangcang hospitals on 3 February. The Fangcang hospital is a kind of field mobile medical system of the People’s Liberation Army, which can be built as a collection of mobile modules. The first batch of Fangcang hospitals requisitioned three large public facilities in Wuhan — the Hongshan Gymnasium, the Wuhan Living Room Exhibition Center and the Wuhan International Convention and Exhibition Center. Together they provided more than 4,000 beds.³⁷ On 5 February, the first Fangcang hospital was put into service.³⁸ As of 13 February, Wuhan had opened seven Fangcang hospitals, treating more than 5,600 patients. On 28 February, the National Health Commission announced that the Fangcang hospitals had more than 7,600 patients under treatment and also had 5,600 vacant beds.

On 1 March, the first Fangcang hospital was closed. Between 7 and 9 March, another nine Fangcang hospitals were closed successively. On 10 March, the last two Fangcang hospitals were closed. During the epidemic, 16 Fangcang hospitals were established in Wuhan, treating a total of more than 12,000 patients, representing one quarter of the total number of COVID-19 patients in Wuhan.³⁹ Moreover, the Fangcang hospitals achieved zero infection, zero death and zero re-admission of previously cured patients.

Since 8 March, the daily number of newly confirmed cases in Hubei has been almost zero. By 11 March, COVID-19 had spread across 105 countries around the world, infecting a total of 37,056 persons and causing 1,120 deaths outside of China. In view of its widespread geographical footprint and severity, WHO characterised the COVID-19 as a pandemic.

As the epidemic in Hubei was brought under control, the medical teams from outside of Hubei began to return home after 54 days on 17 March.⁴⁰ On 15 April, the 186-member medical team from the Peking Union Medical College Hospital left Wuhan and returned to Beijing.⁴¹ It was the last outside medical team to leave Hubei. Also on 15 April, both Huoshenshan Hospital and Leishenshan Hospital were officially closed. The Huoshenshan Hospital treated a total of 3,059 COVID-19 patients and cured 2,961 of them. The Leishenshan Hospital treated a total of 2,011 patients and cured 1,965 of them.

The time line of the events under “Combatting the COVID-19 Virus” is presented in Table 2-3.

Table 2-3: Combatting the COVID-19 Virus

Date	Events
23 January 2020	The first medical team from outside of Hubei arrived at Wuhan.
23 January 2020	Construction of the Huoshenshan Hospital in Wuhan began.
28 January 2020	Construction of the Leishenshan Hospital began.
2 February 2020	The Huoshenshan Hospital was completed.
3 February 2020	The Huoshenshan Hospital began operation.
3 February 2020	The first three Fangcang hospital were set up in Wuhan, providing 4,000 hospital beds.
4 February 2020	Another eight Fangcang hospitals began construction. A total of 16 Fangcang hospitals were built.
5 February 2020	The first Fangcang hospital was put into service.
8 February 2020	The Leishenshan Hospital was completed and put into service.
11 February 2020	WHO formally changed the name of 2019-nCoV to COVID-19.
12 February 2020	Hubei changed the definition of a COVID-19 confirmed case to conform to the practice in the rest of Mainland China.
1 March 2020	The first Fangcang hospital was closed, followed by the closure of another 9 Fangcang hospitals the following week.
10 March 2020	All remaining Fangcang hospitals were closed.
11 March 2020	WHO characterised COVID-19 as a pandemic.
17 March 2020	Medical teams from outside of Hubei began to return home.
15 April 2020	The last medical team from outside of Hubei left.
15 April 2020	Both the Huoshenshan Hospital and Leishenshan Hospital were closed.

Re-Opening42

China implemented blockade, lockdown and strict quarantine in various cities during the COVID-19 epidemic. In order to prevent the further spread or the possible resurgence of the epidemic while trying to minimise the negative impacts on economic activities, China has taken a gradual and decentralised approach to the resumption of production, schooling and work, both during and after the epidemic.

The closure of Wuhan was just before the Chinese Spring Festival holiday. Affected by the epidemic, the Spring Festival holiday was extended from 30 January to 2 February. All provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions were free to decide the time to resume production, schooling and work according to the local epidemic conditions. Among them, Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi (except the city of Xi’an), Xinjiang (except the city of Shihezi) and Tibet, which were less affected by the epidemic at that time, resumed economic activities right after the end of the Spring Festival holiday on 3 February. Beijing, Hainan and Sichuan decided to adopt flexible work arrangements, allowing enterprises to decide when and how to restart production and to what extent. Most of the other provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, with the exception of Hubei, decided to resume economic activities on or after 10 February.⁴³ As of 23 February, in more than half of the provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions on the Mainland, over 50% of the above-scale industrial enterprises had resumed production. In Hubei, enterprises were allowed to resume production after midnight on 10 March.⁴⁴ However, we should not simply identify resumption of work with a quick return to normal because many critical links in the supply chains, both domestic and international, have been disrupted.

With the end of the epidemic, Hubei and Wuhan re-opened. As of 00:00 on 25 March, the blockade in Hubei outside of Wuhan was removed. Traffic resumed and people were allowed to leave Hubei (except Wuhan) with the “Green Code” of Hubei health code (Green means the person is healthy.) As of 00:00 on 8 April, Wuhan removed the lockdown and restored external traffic. People with “Green Code” are allowed to move in and out of Wuhan.⁴⁵

On 16 April, the Wuhan municipal headquarters for the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control announced an upward revision of the cumulative numbers of confirmed cases and deaths by 325 and 1,290, respectively. Of the newly reported deaths, 965 (1,290–325) were COVID-19 patients who were thought to have been cured and hence discharged from hospitals, but subsequently died at home.

On 2 May, Hubei lowered its emergency response level from I to II (still in place as of this writing). By this time, all 31 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions had already reduced their emergency response from Level I to lower levels.⁴⁶

The time line of the events under “The Re-Opening” is presented in Table 2-4.

Table 2-4: The Re-Opening

Date	Events
3 February 2020	Gansu, Ningxia, Qinghai, Shaanxi (except Xi’an), Xinjiang (except Shihezi) and Tibet resumed regular economic activities. Beijing (before 10 February), Hainan and Sichuan adopted flexible arrangements.
10 February 2020	Anhui, Chongqing, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Henan, Hunan, Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Jilin, Liaoning, Neimenggu, Shandong, Shanghai, Shanxi, Yunnan, Zhejiang and the city of Xi’an in Shaanxi resumed economic activities.
15 February 2020	The city of Shihezi in Xinjiang resumed economic activities.
23 February 2020	In more than half of the provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, the resumption rate of above-scale industrial enterprises exceeded 50%.
10 March 2020	All enterprises in Hubei were allowed to resume production after midnight.
16 April 2020	Wuhan announced an upward revision of the cumulative numbers of confirmed cases and deaths by 325 and 1,290, respectively.
1 May 2020	Hubei lowered its emergency response from Level I to Level II (still in place as of this writing).
2 May 2020	All other provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions ended their Level I emergency response for public health emergencies.

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¹Note that there are time zone differences among China, Switzerland (where the World Health Organization is located) and the United States, so that the reported dates may not be exactly the same.

²http://wjw.wuhan.gov.cn/xwzx_28/gsgg/202004/t20200430_1199576.shtml.

³http://wjw.wuhan.gov.cn/xwzx_28/gsgg/202004/t20200430_1199576.shtml.

⁴World Health Organization (2020a).

⁵http://hb.people.com.cn/n2/2019/1231/c192237-33678978.html.

⁶http://k.sina.com.cn/article_1653603955_628ffe7301900uene.html.

⁷http://hb.people.com.cn/n2/2020/0101/c192237-33680870.html.

⁸https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19.

⁹These experts were drawn from Tongji Hospital, Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan Institute of Virology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan Infectious Diseases Hospital and Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention.

¹⁰https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/MN908947.

¹¹http://www.nbd.com.cn/articles/2020-01-09/1399306.html.

¹²https://virological.org/t/novel-2019-coronavirus-genome/319.

¹³https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19.

¹⁴http://wsjkw.gd.gov.cn/zwyw_yqxx/content/post_2876057.html.

¹⁵http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2020-01/20/c_1125486727.htm.

¹⁶http://www.xinhuanet.com/politics/2020-01/20/c_1125486899.htm.

¹⁷https://github.com/canghailan/Wuhan-2019-nCoV.

¹⁸https://github.com/canghailan/Wuhan-2019-nCoV.

¹⁹http://health.people.com.cn/n1/2020/0129/c14739-31564362.html.

²⁰http://finance.sina.com.cn/wm/2020-01-21/doc-iihnzhha3859486.shtml.

²¹https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19.

²²It is a joint work of the authors from the Chinese CDC, Hubei CDC and the University of Hong Kong. Based on a retrospective analysis of 425 confirmed cases reported as of 23 January, they confirmed that human-to-human transmission of pneumonia caused by 2019-nCoV (i.e. COVID-19) occurred among close contacts in December 2019.

²³https://www.who.int/news-room/detail/27-04-2020-who-timeline---covid-19.

²⁴http://wjw.hubei.gov.cn/fbjd/dtyw/202002/t20200213_2025581.shtml.

²⁵http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2020-01/23/content_5471751.htm.

²⁶http://www.comnews.cn/article/ibdnews/202001/20200100033108.shtml.

²⁷http://hb.people.com.cn/n2/2019/1231/c192237-33678978.html.

²⁸This is according to the official uncorrected and unadjusted data, which were probably the only data available to the decision-makers at the time.

²⁹https://finance.sina.cn/2020-01-28/detail-iihnzahk6800693.d.html.

³⁰http://wjw.hubei.gov.cn/bmdt/ztzl/fkxxgzbdgrfyyq/xxfb/202001/t20200122_2013896.shtml.

³¹https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1656690466064388235&wfr=spider&for=pc.

³²http://www.xizang.gov.cn/zwgk/xxfb/gsgg_428/202001/t20200130_131215.html.

³³http://www.nhc.gov.cn/wjw/mtbd/202003/e0d5f8a773b54fc39113988dbcb19136.shtml.

³⁴http://www.xinhuanet.com/energy/2020-02/05/c_1125533467.htm.

³⁵http://www.xinhuanet.com/energy/2020-02/05/c_1125533467.htm.

³⁶http://www.xinhuanet.com/video/2020-02/03/c_1210460324.htm.

³⁷For a more detailed description of development, key characteristics, internal facilities and essential functions of Fangcang hospitals, see Chen, et al. (2020).

³⁸http://www.xinhuanet.com/photo/2020-02/06/c_1125536130.htm.

³⁹http://www.hubei.gov.cn/zhuanti/2020/gzxxgzbd/sz/202003/t20200311_2178738.shtml.

⁴⁰https://dy.163.com/article/F7UMI3A8053469LG.html;NTESwebSI=9C58243BAB9D47837DAC7CAC6F6C55CD.hz-subscribe-web-docker-cm-online-rpqqn-8gfzd-di16l-678598t4xgp-8081.

⁴¹https://baijiahao.baidu.com/s?id=1664096741532047780&wfr=spider&for=pc.

⁴²More detailed information on the resumption of production, schooling and work is reported by Sina News. https://news.sina.cn/project/fy2020/resume.d.html?&cu_pos=0000&cu_domain=news&cu_type=article&ivk_sa=1023197a.

⁴³https://www.sohu.com/a/370889425_120059183.

⁴⁴https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_6114455.

⁴⁵http://leaders.people.com.cn/n1/2020/0325/c58278-31646937.html.

⁴⁶https://news.china.com/domestic/945/20200501/38166917.html.