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Empires: Key Events
ОглавлениеThe following list gives often approximate dates to show the order of events, mainly occurring in Mesopotamia and Persia:
Dates BC
| 8000 | First use of clay tokens |
| 3600 | Cylinder seals appear |
| 3500 | Numerical clay tablets appear |
| 3300–2900 | Proto-cuneiform clay tablets |
| 3100–2700 | Proto-Elamite cuneiform |
| 3000–2300 | Sumerian civilization |
| 2800 | Sumerian is first written down (not technically as cuneiform) |
| 2600 | Possible date for Gilgamesh as king of Uruk |
| 2600 | Sumerian is written using a true cuneiform script |
| 2500–2000 | Old Akkadian cuneiform |
| 2300 | Elamite cuneiform begins |
| 2300 | Akkadian Empire begins under King Sargon |
| 2200 | Akkadian Empire collapses |
| 2000 | Sumerian ceases as an everyday language |
| 2000–1600 | Old Babylonian cuneiform |
| 2000–1500 | Old Assyrian cuneiform |
| 1792–1750 | Hammurabi is king of Babylon |
| 1600–1000 | Middle Babylonian cuneiform |
| 1500–1000 | Middle Assyrian cuneiform |
| 1400 | Babylonian cuneiform becomes the lingua franca |
| 1235 | Assyria sacks Babylon |
| 1115–1077 | Tiglath-Pileser I is king of Assyria: first use of clay prisms |
| 1000–600 | Neo-Assyrian cuneiform |
| 1000–600 | Neo-Babylonian cuneiform |
| 930 | Neo-Assyrian Empire begins |
| 883–859 | Ashurnasirpal II is king of Assyria and builds a palace at Nimrud |
| 878 | Nimrud becomes the capital city of Assyria (moved from Ashur) |
| 858–824 | Shalmaneser III is king of Assyria and builds a new palace at Nimrud |
| 825 | The Black Obelisk is erected at Nimrud by Shalmaneser III |
| 800 | Aramaic language and script begin to spread in Mesopotamia and Persia |
| 753 | Mythical foundation of Rome |
| 713 | Sargon II of Assyria founds Khorsabad as his capital city (moved from Nimrud) |
| 704–681 | Sennacherib is king of Assyria and moves the capital from Khorsabad to Nineveh |
| 668–627 | Ashurbanipal is king of Assyria |
| 612 | Nineveh is sacked: collapse of the Neo-Assyrian Empire |
| 605–562 | Nebuchadnezzar II is king of Babylon |
| 600 BC–AD75 | Late Babylonian cuneiform |
| 559–530 | Cyrus the Great is king of Persia and founder of the Achaemenid dynasty |
| 555–539 | Nabonidus is king of Babylon |
| 530–522 | Cambyses II is king of Persia |
| 522–486 | Darius the Great is king of Persia |
| 520 | The Bisitun monument is started and Old Persian cuneiform is invented |
| 486–465 | Xerxes I is king of Persia |
| 401 | Cyrus the Younger is killed at the battle of Cunaxa |
| 336–331 | Darius III is king of Persia |
| 333 | Alexander the Great of Macedonia defeats Darius III at the battle of Issus |
| 331 | Persepolis is destroyed by Alexander the Great |
| 330 | Babylon is taken by Alexander the Great |
| 330 | Darius III is murdered: end of the Achaemenid (Persian) Empire, which now comes under Macedonian Greek control |
| 323 | Alexander the Great dies at Babylon |
| 238 | The Parthians (nomads from central Asia) begin to take over the former Persian Empire |
| 141 | Seleucia on the Tigris is taken by the Parthians |
Dates AD
| 75 | The last known use of cuneiform (at Babylon) |
| 224 | Sasanians conquer the Parthian Empire |
| 240 | Shapur I becomes the second ruler of the Sasanian Empire |
| 260 | The Roman emperor Valerian is captured by the Sasanians |
| 594–628 | Khusro II is ruler of the Sasanian Empire |
| 651 | The Sasanian Empire falls to the Arabs |
| 762 | Baghdad is founded by al-Mansur |
| 1258 | Baghdad falls to the Mongols |
| 1299 | Beginning of the Ottoman Empire |
| 1588–1629 | Shah Abbas I is ruler of Persia |
| 1600 | The East India Company is formed |
| 1602 | Cuneiform is observed for the first time at Persepolis |
| 1623 | Shah Abbas I of Persia captures Baghdad |
| 1638 | Baghdad is taken by Murad IV of the Ottoman Empire |
| 1661 | Bombay is ceded to Britain by Portugal |
| 1722 | Afghans besiege Isfahan |
| 1789 | Tehran becomes the capital of Persia |
| 1792 | Edward Hincks is born |
| 1798–1834 | Fath Ali is Shah of Persia |
| 1802 | The first cuneiform decipherment by Grotefend |
| 1810 | Henry Rawlinson is born |
| 1815 | Battle of Waterloo (final defeat of Napoleon) |
| 1817 | Austen Henry Layard is born |
| 1827 | Rawlinson goes to India |
| 1829 | First ascent of Mount Ararat |
| 1833 | Rawlinson leaves India for Persia |
| 1834 | Fath Ali Shah of Persia dies |
| 1838 | Coronation of Queen Victoria |
| 1839 | Layard leaves England for Ceylon |
| 1839–42 | First Anglo-Afghan War |
| 1848 | Revolutions in Europe |
| 1849 | Rawlinson and Layard meet at Nimrud |
| 1849–51 | Rawlinson is in England |
| 1855 | Rawlinson leaves Baghdad for good and returns to England |
| 1857 | The cuneiform competition is held |
| 1859 | Rawlinson goes to Tehran as Envoy |
| 1860 | Rawlinson resigns from his post at Tehran |
| 1862 | Rawlinson marries |
| 1866 | Hincks dies |
| 1872 | Discovery of the Flood tablet |
| 1887 | Discovery of the Amarna Letters |
| 1889 | Rawlinson’s wife dies |
| 1894 | Layard dies |
| 1895 | Rawlinson dies |
