Читать книгу Amorphous Nanomaterials - Lin Guo - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 The research scope of amorphous materials. T, V, H, and S are the...Figure 1.2 (a) The unit cell of PdS from different views. (b) Amorphous stru...Figure 1.3 The morphologies of three different kinds of solid materials, as ...Figure 1.4 The ordered diffraction patterns of amorphous material under cohe...Figure 1.5 The development of materials research in different research orien...Figure 1.6 Amorphous metal with micro/nanomicrostructure. (a–d) Amorphous al...Figure 1.7 Different organisms likely use the same strategy to generate dive...Figure 1.8 A reported growth mechanism of amorphous nanomaterials in solutio...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Transversal inversion polarization domain wall in ferroelectric P...Figure 2.2 Controllable nanofabrication of MoSe nanowire network from a MoSeFigure 2.3 (a) Crystal structure of layered perovskite manganite La_1.2Sr_1.8M...Figure 2.4 High signal-to-noise EEL spectrum acquired by the accumulating 1 ...Figure 2.5 In-situ TEM experiments. (a) Schematics of structural evolution o...Figure 2.6 Schematic view of placement of Pt/Al₂O₃ catalyst in the TEM. (a)–...Figure 2.7 Nanoparticle-mediated crystal nucleation and growth in amorphous ...Figure 2.8 The spectra and origin of XANES and EXAFS.Figure 2.9 (a) SEM image of NiFe Prussian blue analog (NF-PBA). (b) TEM imag...Figure 2.10 Operando Ni K-edge XAS spectra of NF-PBA-A under different poten...Figure 2.11 (a) XRD patterns for LaCo_0.8Fe_0.2O_3−δ (LCF) and the r...Figure 2.12 Operando XAS spectra of (a) Co K-edge XANES of LCF-700 from 1.47...Figure 2.13 Transformation of the catalysts by pretreatment. (a) CV for the ...Figure 2.14 In situ XAS characterization of CoV-UAH. (a) and (b) Co K-edge X...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 (a) Illustration of the point defects and (b) free energy of the ...Figure 3.2 Figure showing the analogy between the defect and the chemical mi...Figure 3.3 (a) Positron life time spectra with fitting lines of P25 (blue) a...Figure 3.4 (a) Schematic illustration of the spontaneous MoS₂/Pd (II) redox ...Figure 3.5 (a) Positron annihilation spectroscopy of ultrathin BiOCl nanoshe...Figure 3.6 (a, b) HAADF-STEM images of the sample. (c) Scheme for the photor...Figure 3.7 (a) Schematic showing the formation of coordinatively unsaturated...Figure 3.8 EPR spectrum for commercial TiO₂ and reduced TiO₂ at 100 K. Sourc...Figure 3.9 (a) Schematic illustration of the unique crystalline core/amorpho...Figure 3.10 EPR spectra obtained from samples containing different spin prob...Figure 3.11 Schematic diagram illustrating the photogenerated defects in sha...Figure 3.12 (a) Low-temperature (120 K) and (b) room-temperature (298 K) EPR...Figure 3.13 (a) ESR spectra and (b) Ti2p core-level spectra of TiO₂@Ti³⁺ sam...Figure 3.14 (a) Proposed mechanism for the modification of commercially avai...Figure 3.15 (a, b) scanning electron microscope (SEM) and TEM images of the ...Figure 3.16 PL spectra of anatase (a) and rutile (b) TiO₂ samples calcined a...Figure 3.17 (a, b) TEM and HRTEM images of crystalline-ZnO/amorphous-ZnO cor...Figure 3.18 (a) The O1s XPS spectra and (b) In3d core-level spectra. (c) Roo...Figure 3.19 (a) Illustration of the fabrication of BVC-A and BVC-C NRR elect...Figure 3.20 (a) HAADF-STEM image, (b) XRD pattern, (c) HRTEM image and FFT p...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Morphology and amorphous structure characterizations of obtained ...Figure 4.2 Schematic illustration of the preparation of Pd_xCu_1−x/RGO. ...Figure 4.3 Morphology and composition characterizations of obtained Pd_0.2Cu₀...Figure 4.4 (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication process for amorpho...Figure 4.5 TEM and HRTEM characterization of the samples. (a, b) TEM images ...Figure 4.6 (a) Low-resolution TEM images, (b) high-resolution TEM images inc...Figure 4.7 Schematic illustration of the synthesis of (a) amorphous FeOOH QD...Figure 4.8 (a) FESEM, (b) TEM, and (c) HRTEM images of the FeOOH QDs. (d) ST...Figure 4.9 Schematic illustration for the formation of the FeOOH/mRGO compos...Figure 4.10 (a) XRD patterns of amorphous CH₃NH₃PbBr₃ NPs and polycrystallin...Figure 4.11 Morphology and structure characterization results of Fe sub-nano...Figure 4.12 Schematic illustration for preparing NiWO₄/Ni₃S₂ heterostructure...Figure 4.13 (a) Synthetic process of A-Nb₂O_5-x@MCS. (b) TEM image and (c) ST...Figure 4.14 (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of amorphous SnO₂ su...Figure 4.15 Characteristics of FeS@BSA nanoclusters. (a) Scanning electronic...Figure 4.16 Characteristics of AIO clusters (a) TEM image, (b) enlarged view...Figure 4.17 (a, b) TEM micrographs of CNDs (inset: SAED pattern). (c) HRTEM ...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Different morphologies and structures of nanowires. (a–e) Schemat...Figure 5.2 Different combined form of nanowires. (a–c) Schematic diagrams an...Figure 5.3 (a) Illustration of the synthesis of Co₃(PO₄)₂ amorphous ultrathi...Figure 5.4 SEM images at different magnifications (a,c–e), element maps (b),...Figure 5.5 Morphology and structure of amorphous Ag₂S. (a, b) Scanning elect...Figure 5.6 Morphology and composition profile analysis. (a) HAADF-STEM image...Figure 5.7 (a) The formation scheme of CoB alloy nanowires under an external...Figure 5.8 SEM images of the samples prepared with different magnetic field ...Figure 5.9 (a, b) TEM image of Ag₂S nanowires prepared by sonochemical appro...Figure 5.10 (a) Forming process of Fe₂O₃ (Fe₂O₃&Mn₂O₃@ACNTs); morphology and...Figure 5.11 (a) SEM top-view and side-view images of the TiO₂ nanotube layer...Figure 5.12 (a) Schematic diagram of preparing thin ACNTs. SEM, TEM, and HRT...Figure 5.13 FESEM images, (a) the large-scale view of the arrays, (b) the to...Figure 5.14 (a) TEM image of Fe–B nanotubes (inset: the corresponding SAED p...Figure 5.15 TEM images and corresponding SAED (inset) and EDS analyses of (a...Figure 5.16 (a) SEM image of the boron nanowires. (b) TEM image of the boron...Figure 5.17 (a) The SEM image of the synthesized boron nanowires. A BF image...Figure 5.18 Scanning electron micrographs of the aligned boron nanowire arra...Figure 5.19 (a) FE-SEM image of SnO₂ NWs. Inset shows the top view of SnO₂ N...Figure 5.20 (a) Schematic illustration of the proposed formation mechanism a...Figure 5.21 (a) TEM and (b) HRTEM images of the N-TNT-Ta hybrid. SAED patter...Figure 5.22 Classification of synthetic methods for one-dimensional amorphou...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 (a) Amorphous two-dimensional sp²-bonded carbon membrane created ...Figure 6.2 (a) Schematic illustration of synthetic process for amorphous nob...Figure 6.3 (a) Schematic representation of the synthesis of PCNS from gelati...Figure 6.4 (a) Schematic of the exfoliation of hydrous chlorides, (b) charac...Figure 6.5 (a) Optical image of the synthesized a-MoS₂/CC, (b) XRD patterns ...Figure 6.6 (a) Schematic illustration of amorphous CoFe-H nanosheet and its ...Figure 6.7 (a) Schematic illustration for preparation of O-NFS ultrathin nan...Figure 6.8 (a) Schematic for the formation of atomically thin 2D sheets of a...Figure 6.9 (a) Illustration of synthesis of amorphous Co₃(PO₄)₂ ultrathin na...Figure 6.10 The schematic illustration of synthesis amorphous metal hydroxid...Figure 6.11 (a) Schematic illustration of forming amorphous MoO₃ nanosheets,...Figure 6.12 (a) Schematic illustration of the preparation process for the ge...Figure 6.13 (a, b) The TEM image of CoV-UAH (the inset is the SAED pattern),...Figure 6.14 (a) The schematic illustration for the synthesis of 2DA and 2DPA...

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 (a₀) Schematic illustration of the formation of Ni(OH)₂ nanoboxes...Figure 7.2 (a) Schematic illustration of the formation of SnO₂ nanoboxes. (b...Figure 7.3 (a) Schematic of the formation process of hollow carbon spheres. ...Figure 7.4 (a) Schematic illustration of the alkali etching method for trans...Figure 7.5 (a) Schematic illustration of the formation of single-walled or d...Figure 7.6 (a) The illustration of formation of CoS polyhedral nanocages. (aFigure 7.7 (a₁) Scheme of the electrochemical assembly of MnO _x H _y nanospheres...Figure 7.8 (a) Schematic picture of the evolution of the hollow sphere, nano...Figure 7.9 (a) Schematic illustration of the morphological evolution process...Figure 7.10 (a) Formation mechanism of the amorphous NiO–carbon composite po...Figure 7.11 Classification of synthetic methodologies for 3D amorphous nanom...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 (a, b) Structural and chemical characterization of the Si/TiO₂/Ni...Figure 8.2 MoO _x film thickness as a function of the number of ALD cycles for...Figure 8.3 Rate capabilities of bare (black) and AlW _x F _y -coated (blue) LiCoO₂ Figure 8.4 (a) Schematic illustration of the Si c-a core–shell NWs grown on ...Figure 8.5 SEM and HRTEM images of the products sintered at 80 °C under Ar g...Figure 8.6 (a) Low- and high-magnification FE-SEM images of the SnO₂/MnO₂ co...Scheme 8.1 The proposed photoelectrocatalytic overall water splitting mechan...Figure 8.7 (a) XRD patterns of as-synthesized and annealed V₂O₅-G; and SEM i...Figure 8.8 (a, b) Schematic illustration for the fabrications of the FeOOH-1...Figure 8.9 (a) Schematic diagram of synthetic process for BOC-BS composites ...Figure 8.10 (a) Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) image of gold nanopar...Figure 8.11 (a) Schematic preparation procedure for MnO/BPC composite, (b) c...Figure 8.12 Schematic diagram representing the different conformations of th...Figure 8.13 (a) Schematic illustration of the structure and electronic DOS o...Figure 8.14 (a) TEM image, (b) XRD pattern, (c, d) SEM images, and (e, f) HR...Figure 8.15 Characterization of the heterophase Pd nanosheets with different...Figure 8.16 (a) Estimation of C_dI by plotting the current density at 0.2 (vs...Scheme 8.2 Schematic illustration of the formation of amorphous/crystalline ...Figure 8.17 (a) Schematic illustration of the formation of mesoporous TiO₂/M...Figure 8.18 (a) SEM images of hollow Ni(OH)₂@CuS spheres. (b) TEM image of N...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 (a) Electron micrographs of the MoS₃ film on ITO and (b) polariza...Figure 9.2 (a) SEM image of nanostructured amorphous molybdenum sulfide and ...Figure 9.3 (a) Proposed catalytic pathway for H₂ evolution on amorphous MoS _x Figure 9.4 (a) Schematic illustration of the mechanism for electrochemical c...Figure 9.5 (a) HAADF-STEM image of Pt/MoO_3−x and (b) illustration of t...Figure 9.6 (a) HRTEM micrograph of the dealloyed nanoporous gold ligament an...Figure 9.7 (a) HRTEM micrograph of PtO₂–Co(OH)₂. Source: Reproduced with per...Figure 9.8 (a) Potentiostatic curve for bulk electrolysis at 1.29 V (vs. NHE...Figure 9.9 (a) The synthesis process of amorphous IrO _x by light-driven decom...Figure 9.10 (a) Illustration of the synthesized process of oxygen-incorporat...Figure 9.11 (a) Illustration of the setup and processes for amorphous metal ...Figure 9.12 (a) The TEM image of ultrathin amorphous cobalt–vanadium bimetal...Figure 9.13 (a) SEM cross section and top-view images of amorphous iron oxid...Figure 9.14 (a) The synthesis of amorphous cobalt-based borate ultrathin nan...Figure 9.15 (a) The TEM image of amorphous platinum–nickel–phosphorus nanopa...Figure 9.16 (a) TEM image of amorphous MnOx nanowires on Ketjenblack composi...Figure 9.17 (a) Amorphous Pd-multiwalled carbon nanotubes. Source: Reproduce...Figure 9.18 (a) HRTEM image of Bi₄V₂O₁₁/CeO₂, (b) and (c) corresponding auto...Figure 9.19 (a) SEM image of Cu@CoS _x /CF and the inset shows the side-view SE...Figure 9.20 (a) The fabrication scheme of a bilayer of the Co₃O₄/GR composit...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 (a) Schematics of white phosphorus (WP), red phosphorus (RP), an...Figure 10.2 (a) Rate capability of P/C electrodes (left) and the correspondi...Figure 10.3 The shape changes of a-Si during the charging and discharging pr...Figure 10.4 (a) Specific capacities and volume expansions of several anode m...Figure 10.5 (a) Reconstructed heterostructure model of amorphous SiO (left) ...Figure 10.6 (a) Electrochemical analyses of FeO _x /CNF composites. (b) The sch...Figure 10.7 (a) SEM top-view images of amorphous TiO₂ (b) Electrochemical ch...Figure 10.8 (a) Schematic representations of structural changes upon lithiat...Figure 10.9 (a) TEM image (left) and XRD pattern (right) of amorphous copper...Figure 10.10 Structure and morphology of the tin-based oxide material. (a) X...Figure 10.11 TGA of various carbon samples with different irreversible capac...Figure 10.12 (a) TEM image images of hollow carbon nanospheres. (b) Electroc...Figure 10.13 (a) Wide-angle XRD patterns (left) and HRTEM images (right) of ...Figure 10.14 (a–b) Structure change and (c–f) the electrochemical performanc...Figure 10.15 (a) Formation mechanism and the electrochemical characterizatio...Figure 10.16 Electrochemical performances of V₂O₅/C as a positive electrode ...Figure 10.17 (a) Voltage vs. capacity for oxide and sulfide electrode materi...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Schematics of charge storage mechanisms for (a) an EDLC and (b−d...Figure 11.2 The influence of the carbon nanoparticles to the specific capaci...Figure 11.3 (a) SEM image, (b) HR-TEM image, and (c) XRD pattern of AC-KOH. ...Figure 11.4 SEM (left) and TEM (right) images of the as-prepared CNFs (a, b)...Figure 11.5 (a) Specific capacitance vs. current density for the as-prepared...Figure 11.6 (a) Cyclic voltammogram (CV) curves of SCs based on FS-ACF grown...Figure 11.7 (a) XRD patterns of MnO₂ power heat-treated at different tempera...Figure 11.8 (a) XRD pattern of RuO₂ thin film on glass. (b) Specific capacit...Figure 11.9 Specific capacitance variation of RuO₂ electrode at different sc...Figure 11.10 (a) XRD pattern of the deposited RuO₂ film on the stainless ste...Figure 11.11 (a) XRD patterns of the Ru_1−y Cr _y O₂•xH₂O drying and firing...Figure 11.12 (a, b) SEM images of amorphous Ru_1−y Cr _y O₂/TiO₂ nanotube c...Figure 11.13 (a) Discharge capacitance variation at different current densit...Figure 11.14 (a) SEM image, (b) XRD pattern, and (c) TED pattern of the RuO₂ Figure 11.15 TEM images of pure MnO₂ (a), pure SWNT (b), and MnO₂:20 wt% SWN...Figure 11.16 (a) Schematic illustration of the fabrication of amorphous MnO₂ Figure 11.17 Atomic model of the CoS₂ with (a) amorphous and (b) crystalline...Figure 11.18 (a) Schematic illustration of the formation process of amorphou...Figure 11.19 SEM images of (a) the GCNT/CP support and (b) the MoS_x CNT/CP. ...Figure 11.20 (a) XRD pattern of amorphous CoMoS₄. Ratio capacitances of the ...Figure 11.21 (a, b) TEM images of NiCo₂S₄@NiCo _x S _y . (c) Areal capacitance of ...Figure 11.22 (a) Illustration of the formation process of N0, N300, N600, an...

12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Schematic illustration of basic mechanism of a semiconductor pho...Figure 12.2 Schematic diagram of photocatalytic reactor. Source: Reproduced ...Figure 12.3 Proposed photocatalysis processes. Source: Reproduced with permi...Figure 12.4 (a) Surface photovoltage spectroscopy of the as-synthesized amor...Figure 12.5 (a) Photocatalytic activity of CdSe NCs and CdSe/a-TiO₂ at varyi...Figure 12.6 The schematic diagram of photocatalytic hydrogen evolution over ...Figure 12.7 Photo-oxidation (R + h⁺ → O) and possible electron–hole recombin...Figure 12.8 Schematic illustration shows the comparison of a photoelectroche...Figure 12.9 (a) Time-dependent amounts and (b) the average rate of photocata...Figure 12.10 Possible mechanism of photocatalytic H₂ evolution over Ni/g-C₃NFigure 12.11 TPV of HN-400,HN-500, and HN-600 before and after (sample name ...

13 Chapter 13Figure 13.1 (a–c) Synthesis process of amorphous alloy fibers and (d) stress...Figure 13.2 (a–c) Schematic diagram of MGs preparation equipment; (d, e) Hig...Figure 13.3 (a) The synthesis process of nano-amorphous alloy through FIB; (...Figure 13.4 (a) Schematic diagram of in situ TEM mechanics test device; (b) ...Figure 13.5 (a–d) TEM images and the corresponding selected-area diffraction...Figure 13.6 (a–c) The corresponding high resolution transmission electron mi...Figure 13.7 (a) Schematic image of the miniature fabrication process based o...Figure 13.8 TEM images of amorphous silica nanowires stretched at (a) 0% and...Figure 13.9 (a) Experimental and reverse Monte–Carlo simulation radial distr...Figure 13.10 (a, b) Si–O–Si and O–Si–O bond angle distribution at different ...Figure 13.11 TEM images of an amorphous SiC nanowire for the first (a−d) and...Figure 13.12 (a) The stress–strain curves of Mg-based supra-nanometre-sized ...Figure 13.13 The HRTEM image of dual-phase nanostructuring; the inset is the...Figure 13.14 (a) Schematic of shear band expansion in magnesium-based supra-...Figure 13.15 (a–c) Low-magnification TEM, SEAD, and HRTEM images of C-ZrO₂ N...Figure 13.16 (a) Stress−strain curves for the ZrO₂ NWs with different crysta...Figure 13.17 (a) SEM image of Zr–Ti–Cu–Ni–Be amorphous alloy with micro/nano...Figure 13.18 (a, b) SEM images of amorphous alloy with different amounts of ...Figure 13.19 (a) Stress–strain curves of high compressive plastic amorphous ...Figure 13.20 (a) Formation of dimple during fracture and (b) toughness of th...Figure 13.21 (a) Stress–strain curves of amorphous alloy with/without micro ...Figure 13.22 (a) TEM image showing the ultrathin layered morphology of GO@AA...Figure 13.23 Morphology of Si₃N₄–Ti–Ag composites (a) and the morphology of ...Figure 13.24 SEM image showing the lamellar (a, c) and brick-and-mortar (b, ...Figure 13.25 (a) MgK-edge XANES and (b) k²-weighted EXAFS spectra. (c) FeK-e...Figure 13.26 (a) Optical image of human tooth; (b) the optical dark-field im...Figure 13.27 Mechanical properties of the tested SCC mixes. (a) compressive ...Figure 13.28 (a) TEM image of the ZrO₂ particle embedded in the amorphous ma...Figure 13.29 Hardness of hot-pressed composite alloy samples of amorphous Mg