Читать книгу The Works of Napoleon Bonaparte - Louis Antoine Fauvelet de Bourrienne - Страница 196
Оглавление1813.
January 5th.—Konigsberg occupied by the Russians.
January 13th.—Senatus Consultus calls up 250,000 conscripts.
January 22nd.—Americans defeated at Frenchtown, near Detroit, and lose 1200 men.
January 25th.—Concordat at Fontainebleau between Napoleon and Pope Pius VII., with advantageous terms for the Papacy. The Pope, however, soon breaks faith.
January 28th.—Murat deserts the French army for Naples, and leaves Posen. "Your husband is very brave on the battlefield, but he is weaker than a woman or a monk when he is not face to face with an enemy. He has no moral courage" (Napoleon to his sister Caroline, January 24, 1813. Brotonne, 1032). Replaced by Eugène (Napoleon's letter dated January 22nd).
February 1st.—Proclamation of Louis XVIII. to the French people (dated London).
February 8th.—Warsaw surrenders to Russia.
February 10th.—Proclamation of Emperor Alexander calling on the people of Germany to shake off the yoke of "one man."
February 28th.—Sixth Continental Coalition against France. Treaty signed between Russia and Prussia at Kalisch.
March 3rd.—New treaty between England and Sweden at Stockholm: Sweden to receive a subsidy of a million sterling and the island of Guadaloupe in return for supporting the Coalition with 30,000 men.
March 4th.—Cossacks occupy Berlin. Madison inaugurated President U.S.A.
March 9th.—Eugène removes his headquarters to Leipsic.
March 12th.—French evacuate Hamburg.
March 21st.—Russians and Prussians take new town of Dresden.
April 1st.—France declares war on Prussia.
April 10th.—Death of Lagrange, mathematician; greatly bemoaned by Napoleon, who considered his death as a "presentiment" (D'Abrantès).
April 14th.—Swedish army lands in Germany.
April 15th.—Napoleon leaves Paris; arrives Erfurt (April 25th). Americans take Mobile.
April 16th.—Thorn (garrisoned by 900 Bavarians) surrenders to the Russians. Fort York (now Toronto) and
April 27th.—Upper Canada taken by the Americans.
May 1st.—Death of the Abbé Delille, poet. Opening of campaign. French forces scattered in Germany, 166,000 men; Allies' forces ready for action, 225,000 men. Marshal Bessières killed by a cannon-ball at Poserna.
May 2nd.—Napoleon with 90,000 men defeats Prussians and Russians at Lutzen (Gross-Goerschen) with 110,000; French loss, 10,000. Battle won
chiefly by French artillery. Emperor of Russia and King of Prussia present.
May 8th.—Napoleon and the French reoccupy Dresden.
May 18th.—Eugène reaches Milan, and enrols an Italian army 47,000 strong.
May 19th-21st.—Combats of Konigswartha, Bautzen, Hochkirch, Würschen. Napoleon defeats Prussians and Russians; French loss, 12,000; Allies, 20,000.
May 23rd.—Duroc (shot on May 22nd) dies. "Duroc," said the Emperor, "there is another life. It is there you will go to await me, and there we shall meet again some day."
May 27th.—Americans capture Fort George (Lake Ontario) and
May 29th.—Defeat English at Sackett's Harbour.
May 30th.—French re-enter Hamburg and
June 1st.—Occupy Breslau. British frigate Shannon captures Chesapeake in fifteen minutes outside Boston harbour.
June 4th.—Armistice of Plesswitz, between Napoleon and the Allies.
June 6th.—Americans (3500) surprised at Burlington Heights by 700 British.
June 15th.—Siege of Tarragona raised by Suchet; English re-embark, leaving their artillery. "If I had had two marshals such as Suchet, I should not only have conquered Spain, but I should have kept it" (Napoleon in Campan's Memoirs).
June 21st.—Battle of Vittoria; total rout of the French under Marshal Jourdan and King Joseph. In retreat the army is much more harassed by the guerillas than by the English.
June 23rd.—Admiral Cockburn defeated at Craney Island by Americans.
June 24th.—Five hundred Americans surrender to two hundred Canadians at Beaver's Dams.
June 25th.—Combat of Tolosa. Foy stops the advance of the English right wing.
June 30th.—Convention at Dresden. Napoleon accepts the mediation of Austria; armistice prolonged to August 10th.
July 1st.—Soult sent to take chief command in Spain.
July 10th.—Alliance between France and Denmark.
July 12th.—Congress of Prague. Austria, Prussia, and Russia decide that Germany must be independent, and the French Empire bounded by the Rhine and the Alps; "but to reign over 36,000,000 men did not appear to Napoleon a sufficiently great destiny" (Montgaillard). Congress breaks up July 28th.
July 26th.—Moreau arrives from U.S., and lands at Gothenburg.
July 31st.—Soult attacks Anglo-Spanish army near Roncesvalles in order to succour Pampeluna. Is repulsed, with loss of 8000 men.
August 12th.—Austria notifies its adhesion to the Allies.
August 15th.—Jomini, the Swiss tactician, turns traitor and escapes to the Allies. He advises them of Napoleon's plans to seize Berlin and relieve Dantzic [see letter to Ney, No. 19,714, 20,006, and especially 20,360 (August 12th) in Correspondence]. On August 16th Napoleon writes to Cambacérès: "Jomini, Ney's chief of staff, has deserted. It is he who published some volumes on the campaigns and who has been in the pay of Russia for a long time. He has yielded to corruption. He is a soldier of little value, yet he is a writer who has grasped some of the sound principles of war."
August 17th.—Renewal of hostilities in Germany. Napoleon's army, 280,000, of whom half recruits who had never seen a battle; the Allies 520,000, excluding militia. In his counter-manifesto to Austria, dated Bautzen, Napoleon declares "Austria, the enemy of France, and cloaking her ambition under the mask of a mediation, complicated everything.... But Austria, our avowed foe, is in a truer guise, and one perfectly obvious. Europe is therefore much nearer peace; there is one complication the less."
August 18th.—Suchet, having blown up fortifications of Tarragona, evacuates Valentia.
August 21st.—Opening of the campaign in Italy. Eugène, with 50,000 men, commands the Franco-Italian army.
August 23rd.—Combats of Gross-Beeren and Ahrensdorf, near Berlin. Bernadotte defeats Oudinot with loss of 1500 men and 20 guns. Berlin is preserved to the Allies. Oudinot replaced by Ney. Lauriston defeats Army of Silesia at Goldberg with heavy loss.
August 26th-27th.—Battle of Dresden.—Napoleon marches a hundred miles in seventy hours to the rescue. With less than 100,000 men he defeats the Allied Army of 180,000 under Schwartzenberg, Wittgenstein, and Kleist. Austrians lose 20,000 prisoners and 60 guns. Moreau is mortally wounded (dies September 1st). Combat of the Katzbach, in Silesia. Blucher defeats Macdonald with heavy loss, who loses 10,000 to 12,000 men in his retreat.
August 30th.—Combat of Kulm. Vandamme enveloped in Bohemia, and surrenders with 12,000 men.
August 31st.—Combat of Irun. Soult attacks Wellington to save San Sebastian, but is repulsed. Graham storms San Sebastian.
September 6th.—Combat of Dennewitz (near Berlin). Ney routed by Bulow and Bernadotte; loses his artillery, baggage, and 12,000 men.
September 10th—Americans capture the English flotilla on Lake Erie.
September 12th.—Combat of Villafranca (near Barcelona). Suchet defeats English General Bentinck.
October 7th.—Wellington crosses the Bidassoa into France. "It is on the frontier of France itself that ends the enterprise of Napoleon on Spain. The Spaniards have given the first conception of a people's war versus a war of professionals. For it would be a mistake to think that the battles of Salamanca (July 22nd, 1812) and Vittoria (June 21st, 1813) forced the French to abandon the Peninsula.... It was the daily losses, the destruction of man by man, the drops of French blood falling one by one, which in five years aggregated a death-roll of 150,000 men. As to the English, they appeared in this war only as they do in every world-crisis, to gather, in the midst of general desolation, the fruits of their policy, and to consolidate their plans of maritime despotism, of exclusive commerce" (Montgaillard).
October 15th.—Bavarian army secedes and joins the Austrians.
October 16th-19th.—Battles of Leipsic. Allied army 330,000 men (Schwartzenberg, Bernadotte, Blucher, Beningsen), Napoleon 175,000. Twenty-six battalions and ten squadrons of Saxon and Wurtemberg men leave Napoleon and turn their guns against the French. Napoleon is not defeated, but determines to retreat. The rearguard (20,000 men) and 200 cannon taken. Poniatowski drowned; Reynier and Lauriston captured.
October 20th.—Blucher made Field-Marshal.
October 23rd.—French army reach Erfurt.
October 30th.—Combat of Hanau. Napoleon defeats Wrede with heavy loss.
October 31st.—Combat and capture of Bassano by Eugène. English capture Pampeluna.
November 2nd.—Napoleon arrives at Mayence (where typhus carries off 40,000 French), and is
November 9th.—At St. Cloud.
November 10th.—Wellington defeats Soult at St. Jean de Luz.
November 11th.—Surrender of Dresden by Gouvion St. Cyr; its French soldiers to return under parole to France. Austrians refuse to ratify the convention, and 1700 officers and 23,000 men remain prisoners of war.
November 14th.—Napoleon addresses the Senate: "All Europe marched with us a year ago; all Europe marches against us to-day. That is because the world's opinion is directed either by France or England."
November 15th.—Eugène defeats Austrians at Caldiero. Senatus-Consultus puts 300,000 conscripts at disposal of government.
November 24th.—Capture of Amsterdam by Prussian General Bulow.
December 1st.—Allies declare at Frankfort that they are at war with the Emperor and not with France.
December 2nd.—Bulow occupies Utrecht. Holland secedes from the French Empire.
December 5th.—Capture of Lubeck by the Swedes, and surrender of Stettin (7000 prisoners), Zamosk (December 22nd), Modlin (December 25th), and Torgau (December 26th, with 10,000 men).
December 8th-13th.—Soult defends the passage of the Nive—costly to both sides. Murat (now hostile to Napoleon) enters Ancona.
December 9th-10th.—French evacuate Breda.
December 11th.—Treaty of Valençay between Napoleon and his prisoner Ferdinand VII., who is to reign over Spain, but not to cede Minorca or Ceuta (now in their power} to the English.
December 15th.—Denmark secedes from French alliance.
December 21st.—Allies, 100,000 strong, cross the Rhine in ten divisions (Bâle to Schaffhausen). Jomini is said to have contributed to this violation of Swiss territory.
December 24th.—Final evacuation of Holland by the French.
December 28th.—Austrians capture Ragusa.
December 31st.—Napoleon, having trouble with his Commons, dissolves the Corps Législatif. Austrians capture Geneva. Blucher crosses the Rhine at Mannheim and Coblentz. Exclusive of Landwehr and levies en masse, there are now a million trained men in arms against Napoleon.
1814.
"The Allied Powers having proclaimed that the Emperor Napoleon was the sole obstacle to the re-establishment of the Peace of Europe, the Emperor Napoleon, faithful to his oath, declares that he renounces, for himself and his heirs, the thrones of France and Italy, and that there is no personal sacrifice, even that of life itself, that he will not be ready to make for the sake of France."—(Act of Abdication.)
January 1st.—Capitulation of Danzic, which General Rapp had defended for nearly a year, having lost 20,000 (out of 30,000) men by fever. Russians, who had promised to send the French home, break faith, following the example of Schwartzenberg at Dresden.
January 2nd.—Russians take Fort Louis (Lower Rhine); and
January 3rd.—Austrians Montbéliard; and Bavarians Colmar.
January 6th.—General York occupies Trèves. Convention between Murat and England and (January 11th) with Austria. Murat is to join Allies with 30,000 men.
January 7th.—Austrians occupy Vesoul.
January 8th.—French Rentes 5 per cents. at 47.50. Wurtemberg troops occupy Epinal.
January 10th.—General York reaches Forbach (on the Moselle).
January 15th.—Cossacks occupy Cologne.
January 16th.—Russians occupy Nancy.
January 19th.—Austrians occupy Dijon; Bavarians, Neufchâteau. Murat's troops occupy Rome.
January 20th.—Capture of Toul by the Russians; and of Chambéry by the Austrians.
January 21st.—Austrians occupy Châlons-sur-Saône. General York crosses the Meuse.
January 23rd.—Pope Pius VII. returns to Rome.
January 25th.—General York and Army of Silesia established at St. Dizier and Joinville on the Marne. Austrians occupy Bar-sur-Aube. Napoleon leaves Paris; and
January 26th.—Reaches Châlons-sur-Marne; and
January 27th.—Retakes St. Dizier in person.
January 29th.—Combat of Brienne. Napoleon defeats Blucher.
February 1st.—Battle of La Rothière, six miles north of Brienne. French, 40,000; Allies, 110,000. Drawn battle, but French retreat on Troyes; French evacuate Brussels.
February 4th.—Eugène retires upon the Mincio.
February 5th.—Cortes disavow Napoleon's treaty of Valençay with Ferdinand VII. Opening of Congress of Châtillon. General York occupies Châlons-sur-Marne.
February 7th.—Allies seize Troyes.
February 8th.—Battle of the Mincio. Eugène with 30,000 conscripts defeats Austrians under Bellegarde with 50,000 veterans.
February 10th.—Combat of Champaubert. Napoleon defeats Russians.
February 11th.—Combat of Montmirail. Napoleon defeats Sacken. Russians occupy Nogent-sur-Seine; and
February 12th.—Laon.
February 14th.—Napoleon routs Blucher at Vauchamp. His losses, 10,000 men; French loss, 600 men. In five days Napoleon has wiped out the five corps of the Army of Silesia, inflicting a loss of 25,000 men.
February 17th.—Combat near Nangis. Napoleon defeats Austro-Russians with loss of 10,000 men and 12 cannon.
February 18th.—Combat of Montereau. Prince Royal of Wurtemberg defeated with loss of 7000.
February 21st.—Comte d'Artois arrives at Vesoul.
February 22nd.—Combat of Méry-sur-Seine. Sacken defeated by Boyer's Division, who fight in masks—it being Shrove Tuesday.
February 24th.—French re-enter Troyes.
February 27th.—Bulow captures La Fère with large stores. Battle of Orthes (Pyrenees), Wellington with 70,000 defeats Soult entrenched with 38,000. Foy badly wounded.
February 27th-28th.—Combats of Bar and Ferté-sur-Aube. Marshals Oudinot and Macdonald forced to retire on the Seine.
March 1st.—Treaty of Chaumont—Allies against Napoleon.
March 2nd.—Bulow takes Soissons.
March 4th.—Macdonald evacuates Troyes.
March 7th.—Battle of Craonne between Napoleon (30,000 men) and Sacken (100,000). Indecisive.
March 9th.—English driven from Berg-op-Zoom.
March 9th-10th.—Combat under Laon: depôt of Allied army. Napoleon fails to capture it.
March 12th.—Duc d'Angoulême arrives at Bordeaux. This town is the first to declare for the Bourbons, and to welcome him as Louis XVIII.
March 13th.—Ferdinand VII. set at liberty.
March 14th.—Napoleon retakes Rheims from the Russians.
March 19th.—Rupture of Treaty of Châtillon.
March 20th.—Battle of Tarbes. Wellington defeats French.
March 20th-21st.—Battle of Arcis-sur-Aube. Indecisive.
March 21st.—Austrians enter Lyons. Augereau retires on Valence. Had Eugène joined him with his 40,000 men he might have saved France after Vauchamp.
March 25th.—Combat of Fère-Champenoise. Marmont and Mortier defeated with loss of 9000 men.
March 26th.—Combat of St. Dizier. Napoleon defeats Russians, and starts to save Paris.
March 29th.—Allies outside Paris. Napoleon at Troyes (125 miles off).
March 30th.—Battle of Paris. The Emperor's orders disobeyed. Heavy cannon from Cherbourg left outside Paris, also 20,000 men. Clarke deserts to the Allies. Joseph runs away, leaving Marmont permission to capitulate. After losing 5000 men (and Allies 8000) Marmont evacuates Paris and retires. Napoleon reaches Fontainebleau in the evening, and hears the bad news.
March 31st.—Emperor of Russia, King of Prussia, and 36,000 men enter Paris. Stocks and shares advance. Emperor Alexander states, "The Allied Sovereigns will treat no longer with Napoleon Bonaparte, nor any of his family."
April 1st.—Senate, with Talleyrand as President, institute a Provisional Government.
April 2nd.—Provisional Government address the army: "You are no longer the soldiers of Napoleon; the Senate and the whole of France absolve you from your oaths." They also declare Napoleon deposed from the throne, and his family from the succession.
April 4th.—Napoleon signs a declaration of abdication in favour of his son, but after two days' deliberation, and Marmont's defection, Alexander insists on an absolute abdication.
April 5th.—Convention of Chevilly. Marmont agrees to join the Provisional Government, and disband his army under promise that Allies will guarantee life and liberty to Napoleon Bonaparte. Funds on March 29th at 45, now at 63.75.
April 6th.—New Constitution decreed by the Senate. The National Guard ordered to wear the White Cockade in lieu of the Tricolor.
April 10th.—Battle of Toulouse. Hotly contested; almost a defeat for Wellington.
April 11th.—Treaty of Paris between Napoleon and Allies (Austria, Russia, and Prussia). Isle of Elba reserved for Napoleon and his family, with a revenue of £200,000; the Duchies of Parma and Placentia for Marie Louise and her son. England accedes to this Treaty. Act of Abdication of the Emperor Napoleon.
April 12th.—Count d'Artois enters Paris.
April 16th.—Convention between Eugène and Austrian General Bellegarde. Emperor of Austria sees Marie Louise at the little Trianon, and decides upon his daughter's return to Vienna.
April 18th.—Armistice of Soult and Wellington.
April 20th.—Napoleon leaves Fontainebleau, and bids adieu to his Old Guard: "Do not mourn over my fate; if I have determined to survive, it is in order still to dedicate myself to your glory; I wish to write about the great things we have done together."
April 24th.—Louis XVIII. lands at Calais, and
May 3rd.—-Enters Paris.
May 4th.—-Napoleon reaches Elba.
May 29th.—Death of Josephine, aged 51.
May 30th.—Peace of Paris.
