Читать книгу Modern Characterization of Electromagnetic Systems and its Associated Metrology - Magdalena Salazar-Palma - Страница 4
List of Illustrations
Оглавление1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Discretization of the letter X on a 20×20 grid.Figure 1.2 Rank‐1 approximation of the image X.Figure 1.3 Rank‐2 approximation of the image X.Figure 1.4 Rank‐3 approximation of the image X.Figure 1.5 Rank‐4 approximation of the image X.Figure 1.6 Rank‐5 approximation of the image X.Figure 1.7 Rank‐6 approximation of the image X.Figure 1.8 Rank‐7 approximation of the image X.Figure 1.9 Rank‐8 approximation of the image X.Figure 1.10 Mean squared error of the approximation.
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Normalized singular values from the SVD of matrix [Y].Figure 2.2 Comparison between the original data and the estimated data by ap...Figure 2.3 Comparison between the original data and the data with added whit...Figure 2.4(a) Normalized singular values from the SVD of matrix [Y].Figure 2.4(b) Comparison between the original data, the data with additive n...Figure 2.5 Z 0 as a function of h/λ0 using various definitions for the ...Figure 2.6 De‐embedding of a device under test.Figure 2.7 Plot of the propagation constant β for the incident and refl...Figure 2.8 Characterization of a 90∘ radial stub with x = 0 starting f...Figure 2.9 Mode decomposition shown in equation (2.28) of the current in the...Figure 2.10 Geometry of a right angled bend.Figure 2.11 Mode decomposition shown of the current in the microstrip feed l...Figure 2.12 Geometry of a mitered bend.Figure 2.13 Multiple reflections from the Beatty standard terminated with a ...Figure 2.14 Calculated Impulse Response from (2.13) using MPM for the Beatty...Figure 2.15 The Magnitude and the Phase Response of the Beatty Standard from...Figure 2.16 Time Domain Impulse Response using the standard built‐in bandpas...Figure 2.17 The Magnitude and Phase response of the Beatty standard measured...Figure 2.18 Time Domain Impulse Response using the standard built‐in band‐pa...Figure 2.19 Time Domain Impulse response obtained using the MPM with 2 GHz b...Figure 2.20 The magnitude and the Phase response of the Beatty standard from...Figure 2.21 Time domain impulse response of the shorted Beatty standard usin...Figure 2.22 Time Domain impulse Response obtained using the Matrix Pencil me...Figure 2.23 Time Domain Response for the Fourier Technique Based method as a...Figure 2.24 Multiple reflections from the Beatty standard terminated with a ...Figure 2.25 Calculated Impulse Response of the Beatty Standard terminated wi...Figure 2.26 The Magnitude and the Phase Response of the Beatty Standard term...Figure 2.27 Time‐domain impulse response using the internal built‐in band‐pa...Figure 2.28 The magnitude and phase response of the shorted Beatty standard ...Figure 2.29 Time‐domain impulse response of the shorted Beatty standard. usi...Figure 2.30 Time‐domain impulse response of shorted Beatty standard obtained...Figure 2.31 Time‐domain impulse response of shorted Beatty standard obtained...Figure 2.32 An anechoic chamber in ANTEM‐LAB, with the AUT on a rollover azi...Figure 2.33 An anechoic chamber in ANTEM‐LAB, with the probe on a polarizati...Figure 2.34 A top view of the antenna‐measurement scheme in (a). The copper ...Figure 2.35(a) The steps followed in the FFT‐Based Method: S21(f, φ), t...Figure 2.35(b) The steps followed in the FFT‐Based Method: S21 (f, φ) m...Figure 2.35(c) The steps followed in the FFT‐Based Method: S21 (t, φ), ...Figure 2.35(d) The steps followed in the FFT‐Based Method: S21 (t, φ), ...Figure 2.36 Example 1, d = 2.05 m: The radiation pattern measured in reverbe...Figure 2.37 Example 1, d = 2.05 m: A comparison between the processed result...Figure 2.38 Bandwidth required by the MPM to carry out the processing is dis...Figure 2.39 Example 1, d = 2.05 m: A comparison between the processed result...Figure 2.40 Example 2, d = 1 m: The radiation pattern measured in reverberan...Figure 2.41 Example 2, d = 1 m: The time response as a function of azimuth a...Figure 2.42 Example 2, d = 1 m: A comparison between the processed result us...Figure 2.43 Bandwidth required by the MPM to carry out the processing is dis...Figure 2.44 Example 2, d = 1 m: A comparison between the processed result us...Figure 2.45 The variance ‐ 10log10(var(ϕ1)), 3‐D MP and the CRB are plo...Figure 2.46 The variance ‐ 10log10(var(θ1)), 3‐D MP and the CRB are plo...Figure 2.47 The variance ‐ 10log10(var(λ1)), 3‐D MP and the CRB are plo...Figure 2.48 The scatter plots of elevation and azimuth angles for (a) SNR = ...Figure 2.49 Histogram of azimuth angle for (a) SNR = 5, (b) 10, (c) 15, and ...Figure 2.50 Histogram of elevation angle for (a) SNR = 5, (b) 10, (c) 15, an...Figure 2.51 Histogram of wavelength for (a) SNR = 5, (b) 10, (c) 15, and (d)...Figure 2.52 Path for typical Sommerfeld integration.Figure 2.53 Functional samples of the tails of the Sommerfeld integral used ...Figure 2.54 Normalized errors for the tail integration, to1 = 10−14.Figure 2.55 Comparison of CPU times for the two methods, to1 = 10−14....Figure 2.56 Number of functional evaluations for the two methods, to1 = 10−1...Figure 2.57 Normalized errors for the tail integration, to1 = 10−12.Figure 2.58 Normalized errors for the tail integration, to1 = 10−10.Figure 2.59 (a) Two sphere model. (b) One wire and one cone model.Figure 2.60 Pole Library vs. Computed poles of the unknown objects (two PEC ...Figure 2.61 Pole Library vs. Computed poles of the unknown objects (one PEC ...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Normalized singular values obtained from the SVD of matrix [C].Figure 3.2 Comparison between the original data and the estimated data from ...Figure 3.3 Normalized singular values from the SVD of matrix [C].Figure 3.4 Comparison between the original data and the estimated data from ...Figure 3.5 Comparison between the original data and the data added with whit...Figure 3.6 Normalized singular values from the SVD of matrix [C].Figure 3.7 Comparison between the original data and the estimated data from ...Figure 3.8 RCS of a sphere as a function of its radius and generated over a ...Figure 3.9 Scattering efficiency as a function of size parameter. (a) Input ...Figure 3.10 Generation of stopband response using passband data. (a) Reconst...Figure 3.11 Generation of passband response using stopband data. (a) Reconst...Figure 3.12 Broadband device characterization. Solid lines, extrapolation us...Figure 3.13 Comparison of theoretical PDF and numerically simulated PDF’s. S...Figure 3.14 Comparison of theoretical PDF and numerically simulated PDFs. SN...Figure 3.15 A Conducting Cube with a Square Hole.Figure 3.16 Radiated far‐field Power density of the PEC Box due to an incide...Figure 3.17 Comparison of Original and Interpolated Data (Down sample Rate =...Figure 3.18 Error Percentage Rate over the entire band (Down sample Rate = 1...Figure 3.19 Comparison of the Original and Interpolated Data (Down sample Ra...Figure 3.20 Error Percentage Rate (Down sample Rate = 20).Figure 3.21 Comparison of Original and Interpolated Data (Down sample Rate =...Figure 3.22 Error Percentage Rate (Down sample Rate = 30).Figure 3.23 Comparison of Original and Interpolated Data Around the First Nu...Figure 3.24 Comparison of Original and Interpolated Data Around the First Nu...Figure 3.25 A Horn Antenna.Figure 3.26 An input Gaussian Pulse.Figure 3.27 Power Spectrum Density of Horn Antenna.Figure 3.28 Actual, Reconstructed and Difference of Phase Functions.Figure 3.29 Time Domain Responses.Figure 3.30 Sifted Time Domain Responses.Figure 3.31 A Microstrip Patch Antenna.Figure 3.32 Power Spectrum Density of the Microstrip Patch Antenna.Figure 3.33 Actual, Reconstructed and Difference of Phase Functions.Figure 3.34 Aligned Time Domain Response from the Patch Antenna.Figure 3.35 Phase of the scattered fields from a Conducting Cubic Box with a...Figure 3.36 Time Domain Response from the Conducting Box with a hole.Figure 3.37 Flowchart of the proposed interpolation algorithm for adaptive i...Figure 3.38 The initial interpolation result for the patch antenna.Figure 3.39 The second interpolation result for the patch antenna, the inter...Figure 3.40 The error of the second interpolation result for the patch anten...Figure 3.41 The initial interpolation result for the hollow PEC box while th...Figure 3.42 The second interpolation result of the hollow box while the base...Figure 3.43 The third interpolation result of the hollow box from updated sa...Figure 3.44 The fourth interpolation result for the hollow PEC box with two ...Figure 3.45 The error of the final interpolation result for the hollow PEC b...Figure 3.46 A SDPA array with 11 elements.Figure 3.47 Far‐field radiation pattern of the SDPA array.Figure 3.48 The initial interpolation result of the SDPA array with base sam...Figure 3.49 The second interpolation result of the SDPA array with base samp...Figure 3.50 The third and final interpolation result of the SDPA array with ...Figure 3.51 The error of the last interpolation result for the SDPA array sh...Figure 3.52 Waveguide filter. Model of S11 and S22 with common denominator....Figure 3.53 Microstrip filter, the numerical based MoM model generating the ...Figure 3.54 Microstrip filter, result from the MoM model and its wide‐band r...Figure 3.55 (a) HOBBIES simulation model for the 0.15‐m‐diameter PEC sphere....Figure 3.56 Natural poles of the 0.15‐m‐diameter PEC sphere from the SEM and...Figure 3.57 (a) HOBBIES simulation model for the PEC wire with 0.1 m length ...Figure 3.58 (a) HOBBIES simulation model for the PEC disk with 0.1 m diamete...Figure 3.59 (a) HOBBIES simulation model for the PEC ellipsoid with 0.02 m d...Figure 3.60 (a) HOBBIES simulation model for the PEC sphere with 0.1 m diame...Figure 3.61 (a) HOBBIES simulation model for the PEC cone with 0.1 m diamete...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 (a) Original data – 415 points, (b) Truncated Data ‐40 points mis...Figure 4.2 (a) Truncated Data – 60 points missing. Comparison of the reconst...Figure 4.3 (a) Truncated data with a nonzero initial guess (80 missing point...Figure 4.4 These arc plots of the frequency domain data of a microstrip band...Figure 4.5 These arc plots of the frequency domain data of a microstrip band...Figure 4.6 These are plots of the frequency domain data of another microstri...Figure 4.7 These arc plots of the frequency domain data for the input impeda...Figure 4.8 These are plots of the frequency domain data for a microstrip not...Figure 4.9 Comparison between the Lomb periodogram and the modified method p...Figure 4.10 F 1(ω) and Hilbert transform of F2(ω) for different va...Figure 4.11 Processing time reduces using the Hilbert transformation.Figure 4.12 Accurate Estimate for the amplitude is given by equation (4.83),...Figure 4.13 (a) DOA Estimation using a half wavelength spaced 15 element arr...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 An overview of the NF‐FF transformation using the SRM.Figure 5.2 Relationship between the field acquisition domain and the equival...Figure 5.3 Original and the Equivalent problem with a magnetic current sheet...Figure 5.4 Equivalent magnetic current covering the aperture of the antenna ...Figure 5.5 Plate So on the xy‐plane where the equivalent magnetic curr...Figure 5.6 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32 ...Figure 5.7 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32 ...Figure 5.8 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32 ...Figure 5.9 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32 ...Figure 5.10 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 5.11 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 5.12 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 5.13 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 5.14 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 ×...Figure 5.15 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32...Figure 5.16 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 ×...Figure 5.17 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 ×...Figure 5.18 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.19 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.20 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.21 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.22 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32...Figure 5.23 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32...Figure 5.24 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32...Figure 5.25 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 5.26 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 5.27 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 5.28 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 ×...Figure 5.29 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 ×...Figure 5.30 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 ×...Figure 5.31 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.32 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.33 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.34 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32...Figure 5.35 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32...Figure 5.36 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32...Figure 5.37 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32...Figure 5.38 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32...Figure 5.39 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 5.40 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 5.41 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 5.42 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 5.43 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 5.44 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.45 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.46 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.47 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.48 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.49 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.50 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.51 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.52 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.53 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.54 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32...Figure 5.55 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32...Figure 5.56 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 5.57 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 5.58 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 ×...Figure 5.59 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 ×...Figure 5.60 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.61 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.62 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32...Figure 5.63 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32...Figure 5.64 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 5.65 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 5.66 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.67 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 ×...Figure 5.68 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 ×...Figure 5.69 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.70 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32...Figure 5.71 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32...Figure 5.72 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32...Figure 5.73 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 5.74 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 5.75 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 5.76 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 ×...Figure 5.77 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 ×...Figure 5.78 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32 ×...Figure 5.79 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.80 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.81 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32 ...Figure 5.82 Original problem and external equivalent problems.Figure 5.83 Near‐field measurement setup and DCS base station antenna.Figure 5.84 Normalized amplitude (dB) of the “forward” (up) and the “backwar...Figure 5.85 Amplitude (dB) of the E‐field pattern of a DCS base station ante...Figure 5.86 Comparison of the co‐polarised and the cross‐polarised component...Figure 5.87 A pyramidal horn antenna with a 348.6 mm × 259.6 mm aperture ope...Figure 5.88 Measurement Setup using a spherical near field range.Figure 5.89 Normalized amplitude (dB) of the “forward” (up) and the “backwar...Figure 5.90 Amplitude (dB) of the E‐field pattern of a pyramidal horn antenn...Figure 5.91 Comparison of the aperture fields produced by the finite element...Figure 5.92 Comparison of the far field pattern between the measurement, fin...Figure 5.93 “Reference volume” of the DCS base station antenna. Amplitude (d...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Original problem and the Equivalent problem introduced to produce...Figure 6.2 Schematic for Planar near field scanning.Figure 6.3 Copolarization characteristic for ϕ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32 patch ...Figure 6.4 Copolarization characteristic for ϕ = 90° cut for a 32 × 32 patch...Figure 6.5 Cross‐polarization characteristic for ϕ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32 pa...Figure 6.6 Cross‐polarization characteristic for ϕ = 90° cut for a 32 × 32 p...Figure 6.7 Copolarization characteristic for ϕ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32 patch ...Figure 6.8 Copolarization characteristic for ϕ = 90° cut for a 32 × 32 patch...Figure 6.9 Cross‐polarization characteristic for ϕ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32 pa...Figure 6.10 Cross‐polarization characteristic for ϕ = 90° cut for a 32 × 32 ...Figure 6.11 Copolarization characteristic for ϕ = 0°cut for the microstrip a...Figure 6.12 Cross‐polarization characteristic for ϕ = 0°cut for the microstr...Figure 6.13 Copolarization characteristic for ϕ = 90°cut for the microstrip ...Figure 6.14 Cross‐polarization characteristic for ϕ = 90°cut for the microst...Figure 6.15 Relationship between scan length and the angular region of valid...Figure 6.16 All sources are located for z< 0.Figure 6.17 Comparison of exact and computed far‐fields for ϕ = 0° cut for 2...Figure 6.18 Comparison of exact and computed far‐fields for ϕ = 90° cut for ...Figure 6.19 Comparison of exact and computed far‐fields for ϕ = 0° cut for 2...Figure 6.20 Comparison of exact and computed far‐fields for ϕ = 90° cut for ...Figure 6.21 Amplitude of y component of measured electric near‐field for a 3...Figure 6.22 Amplitude of x component of measured electric near‐field for a 3...Figure 6.23 Co‐polarization characteristic for Φ = 0° cut for a 32 × 32...Figure 6.24 Co‐polarization characteristic for Φ = 90° cut for a 32 × 3...Figure 6.25 Cross‐polarization characteristic for ϕ = 0° cut for a 32 ×Figure 6.26 Cross‐polarization characteristic for Φ = 90° cut for a 32 ×...Figure 6.27 Flow diagrams for the processing of the measured data for the mo...Figure 6.28 Flow charts for NF‐FF reconstruction from only amplitude data: (...Figure 6.29 The equivalent problem for the EMC.Figure 6.30 Reconstructed sources of the “chessboard” magnetic current distr...Figure 6.31 Far‐field pattern of the “chessboard”‐like magnetic current dist...Figure 6.32 Error of the iterative optimization. “chessboard”‐like magnetic ...Figure 6.33 Reconstruction of the amplitude of the electric field (Ex, Ey) a...Figure 6.34 Far‐field pattern of the splas antenna. φ = 0 –plane.Figure 6.35 Far‐field pattern of the splas antenna. φ = 90° –plane.Figure 6.36 Original Problem.Figure 6.37 An Equivalent Problem.Figure 6.38 A planar scanning case.Figure 6.39 A x‐directed single probe.Figure 6.40 A x‐directed single probe(side view).Figure 6.41 A x‐directed probe array.Figure 6.42 A x‐directed probe array(side view).Figure 6.43 E total when phi = 0° (dB Scale).Figure 6.44 E total when phi = 90° (dB Scale).Figure 6.45 A x‐directed single probe.Figure 6.46 A x‐directed single probe (side view).Figure 6.47 A x‐directed probe array.Figure 6.48 A x‐directed probe array (side view).Figure 6.49 E total when phi = 0° (dB Scale).Figure 6.50 E total when phi = 90° (dB Scale).Figure 6.51 A three‐element Yagi‐Uda antenna.Figure 6.52 E total when φ = 0° (dB Scale).Figure 6.53 E total when φ = 90° (dB Scale).Figure 6.54 A x‐directed single probe.Figure 6.55 A x‐directed single probe (side view).Figure 6.56 A x‐directed probe array.Figure 6.57 A x‐directed probe array (side view).Figure 6.58 E total when phi = 0° (dB Scale).Figure 6.59 E total when phi = 90° (dB Scale).Figure 6.60 Planar scanning for the x‐z plane.Figure 6.61 Planar scanning for y‐z plane.Figure 6.62 A x‐directed rectangular probe array.Figure 6.63 A x‐directed probe array (side view).Figure 6.64 A y‐directed rectangular probe array.Figure 6.65 E total when ϕ = 0 (dB Scale).Figure 6.66 A x‐directed probe array (step 2).Figure 6.67 A y‐directed probe array (step 2).Figure 6.68 E total when ϕ = 90° (dB Scale) in step 2.Figure 6.69 A x‐directed rectangular probe array.Figure 6.70 A x‐directed probe array (side view).Figure 6.71 A y‐directed rectangular probe array.Figure 6.72 E total in dB when ϕ = 0° (step 1).Figure 6.73 A x‐directed probe array (step 2).Figure 6.74 A y‐directed probe array (step 2).Figure 6.75 E total when ϕ = 90° (dB Scale).Figure 6.76 A three‐element Yagi‐Uda antenna.Figure 6.77 E total in dB when φ = 0° (step 1).Figure 6.78 E total in dB when φ = 90° (step 2).Figure 6.79 A x‐directed probe array (step 1).Figure 6.80 A y‐directed probe array (step 1).Figure 6.81 A x‐directed probe array (side view).Figure 6.82 E total in dB when ϕ = 0° (step 1).Figure 6.83 A x‐directed probe array (step 2).Figure 6.84 A y‐directed probe array (step 2).Figure 6.85 E total in dB when ϕ = 90° (step 2).Figure 6.86 A 10 by 10 x‐directed probe array with 0.2 λ separations in...Figure 6.87 The same x‐directed probe array with 0.2 λ separations in b...Figure 6.88 Relative error for different sizes of the measurement planes wit...Figure 6.89 Relative error for different sizes of the measurement planes wit...Figure 6.90 E total when φ = 0° (dB Scale) for all sizes of the measu...Figure 6.91 E total when φ = 90° (dB Scale) for all sizes of the meas...Figure 6.92 A 50 by 50 x‐directed probe array with 0.2 λ separations in...Figure 6.93 A 50 by 50 x‐directed probe array with 0.2 λ separations in...Figure 6.94 Relative error for different sizes of measurement planes with 0....Figure 6.95 Relative error for different sizes of measurement planes with 0....Figure 6.96 E total when φ = 0° (dB Scale) for all sizes of the measu...Figure 6.97 E total when φ = 90° (dB Scale) for all sizes of the meas...Figure 6.98 E total when φ = 0° (dB Scale) for all sizes of the measu...Figure 6.99 E total when φ = 90° (dB Scale) for all sizes of the meas...Figure 6.100 E total when φ = 0° (dB Scale) for all sizes of the meas...Figure 6.101 E total when φ = 90° (dB Scale) for all sizes of the mea...Figure 6.102 E total when φ = 0° (dB Scale) for all sizes of the meas...Figure 6.103 E total when φ = 90° (dB Scale) for all sizes of the mea...Figure 6.104 Relative error for different sizes of measurement planes with 0...Figure 6.105 Relative error for different sizes of measurement planes with 0...Figure 6.106 A 24 by 24 x‐directed probe array with 0.2 λ separations i...Figure 6.107 A 24 by 24 x‐directed probe array with 0.2 λ separations i...Figure 6.108 Relative error for different sizes of measurement planes with 0...Figure 6.109 Relative error for different sizes of measurement planes with 0...Figure 6.110 E total when φ = 0° (dB Scale) for all sizes of the meas...Figure 6.111 E total when φ = 90° (dB Scale) for all sizes of the mea...Figure 6.112 E total when φ = 0° (dB Scale) for all sizes of the meas...Figure 6.113 E total when φ = 90° (dB Scale) for all sizes of the mea...Figure 6.114 E total when ϕ = 0° (dB Scale) for all sizes of the measureme...Figure 6.115 E total when ϕ = 90° (dB Scale) for all sizes of the measurem...Figure 6.116 Two planes of measurement for amplitude‐only data.Figure 6.117 A x‐directed probe array.Figure 6.118 A x‐directed probe array (side view).Figure 6.119 E total when φ = 0° (dB Scale).Figure 6.120 E total when φ = 90° (dB Scale).Figure 6.121 A x‐directed probe array.Figure 6.122 A x‐directed probe array (side view).Figure 6.123 E total when φ = 0° (dB Scale).Figure 6.124 E total when φ = 90° (dB Scale).Figure 6.125 E total when φ = 0° (dB Scale).Figure 6.126 E total when φ = 90° (dB Scale).Figure 6.127 A x‐directed probe array.Figure 6.128 A x‐directed probe array (side view).Figure 6.129 E total when phi = 0° (dB Scale).Figure 6.130 E total when phi = 90° (dB Scale).Figure 6.131 Planar near‐field measurement using a phased array of resonant ...Figure 6.132 A planar near‐field measurement configuration using an array of...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Comparison of exact and computed far field for φ = 0° c...Figure 7.2 Comparison of exact and computed far field for φ = 90° ...Figure 7.3 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a 32×...Figure 7.4 Co‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a 32Figure 7.5 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 0° cut for a ...Figure 7.6 Cross‐polarization characteristic for φ = 90° cut for a...Figure 7.7 Amplitude (dB) of the equivalent magnetic current My: reconstruct...Figure 7.8 Phase (deg.) of the equivalent magnetic current My: reconstructed...Figure 7.9 Two‐dimensional EMC distribution. Far‐field pattern (φ = 0o)...Figure 7.10 Linear patch array. Far‐field pattern (φ = 0o). Co‐polar pa...Figure 7.11 Linear patch array: Far‐field pattern (φ = 0o). Cross‐polar...Figure 7.12 32 × 32 microstrip patch array. Far‐field pattern (φ = 0o)....Figure 7.13 32 × 32 microstrip patch array. Far‐field pattern (φ = 0o)....Figure 7.14 32 × 32 microstrip patch array. Far‐field pattern (φ = 90o)...Figure 7.15 32 × 32 microstrip patch array. Far‐field pattern (φ = 90o)...Figure 7.16 32 × 32 microstrip patch array. Amplitude (–30dB to 0dB) and pha...Figure 7.17 Reflector antenna of size 90 cm. Far‐field pattern (φ = 0o)...Figure 7.18 Reflector antenna of size 90 cm. Far‐field pattern (φ = 0o)...Figure 7.19 Reflector antenna of size 90 cm. Far‐field pattern (φ = 90oFigure 7.20 Reflector antenna of size 90 cm. Far‐field pattern (φ = 90oFigure 7.21 Reflector antenna of size 90 cm. Electric field components at th...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Transient waveform scattered from a plane conducting sheet.Figure 8.2 Transient waveform scattered from a plane conducting sphere of 1....Figure 8.3 Impulse response of a conducting sphere of 1.5 inch in diameter w...Figure 8.4 Impulse response of a conducting sphere of 1.5 inch diameter with...Figure 8.5 Spectrum of the impulse response of a conducting sphere of 1.5‐in...Figure 8.6 A 10 port multiconductor transmission line embedded in a multilay...Figure 8.7 A sampling Oscilloscope is used to measure the input and the outp...Figure 8.8 Input step voltage applied to port 1 of the multiconductor transm...Figure 8.9 Output step response observed at port 10 of the multiconductor tr...Figure 8.10 Deconvolved impulse response between ports 1 and 10 of the multi...Figure 8.11 Output step response observed at port 2 of the multiconductor tr...Figure 8.12 Deconvolved impulse response between ports 1 and 2 of the multic...Figure 8.13 Output step response observed at port 3 of the multiconductor tr...Figure 8.14 Deconvolved impulse response between ports 1 and 3 of the multic...Figure 8.15 Output step response observed at port 4 of the multiconductor tr...Figure 8.16 Deconvolved impulse response between ports 1 and 4 of the multic...Figure 8.17 Output step response observed at port 6 of the multiconductor tr...Figure 8.18 Deconvolved impulse response between ports 1 and 6 of the multic...Figure 8.19 Output step response observed at port 7 of the multiconductor tr...Figure 8.20 Deconvolved impulse response between ports 1 and 7 of the multic...Figure 8.21 Output step response observed at port 8 of the multiconductor tr...Figure 8.22 Deconvolved impulse response between ports 1 and 8 of the multic...Figure 8.23 Output step response observed at port 9 of the multiconductor tr...Figure 8.24 Deconvolved impulse response between ports 1 and 9 of the multic...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 The anechoic chamber with the AUT on a rollover azimuth position....Figure 9.2 A top view of the antenna measurement system. The metal plate has...Figure 9.3 Comparison of the radiation pattern measured in the non‐anechoic ...Figure 9.4 Plot of S21(f, ϕ), the input‐output frequency response for e...Figure 9.5 Plot of the temporal response S21(t, ϕ) for each azimuth ang...Figure 9.6 The computed set of complex coefficients an that fits the data fo...Figure 9.7 Plot of the temporal pattern using the retained set of coefficien...Figure 9.8 S 21(t ', ϕ), the time domain data using FFT after truncatin...Figure 9.9(a) Amplitude pattern reconstruction using the Chebyshev Polynomia...Figure 9.9(b) Result of the pattern reconstruction using the FFT‐based metho...Figure 9.10(a) Phase reconstruction using the Chebyshev Polynomials.Figure 9.10(b) Phase reconstruction for the above pattern using the FFT‐base...Figure 9.11 The spherical NF measurement setup with a missing data in the in...Figure 9.12 A horn antenna for the frequency 1.55 GHz. (a) Aperture of the h...Figure 9.13 Real part of Eθ for ϕ = 90∘ on a NF measuring su...Figure 9.14 Radiation pattern of the horn antenna for the plane ϕ = 0∘...Figure 9.15 Radiation pattern of the horn antenna for the plane ϕ = 90∘...Figure 9.16 Radiation pattern of the horn antenna for the plane ϕ = 90∘...Figure 9.17 Radiation pattern of the horn antenna on the plane θ = 90∘...Figure 9.18 A 2‐element microstrip patch array operating at 3 GHz. (a) Patch...Figure 9.19 Real part of Eθ for ϕ = 90∘ on a NF measuring su...Figure 9.20 Radiation pattern of the microstrip array on the plane ϕ = ...Figure 9.21 Radiation pattern of the microstrip array on the plane ϕ = ...Figure 9.22 Imaginary part of Eθ for ϕ = 90∘ on a NF measuri...Figure 9.23 Radiation pattern of the microstrip array on the plane ϕ = ...Figure 9.24 A parabolic antenna operating at a frequency 1.55 GHz.Figure 9.25 Real part of Eθ for ϕ = 110∘ on a NF measuring s...Figure 9.26 Imaginary part of Eθ for ϕ = 90∘ on a NF measuri...Figure 9.27 Radiation pattern of the horn antenna on the plane ϕ = 90∘...Figure 9.28 Zenith‐directed parabolic reflector with a spherical near‐field ...Figure 9.29 Interpolation of the real part of Eθ for ϕ = 0°.Figure 9.30 Interpolation of the imaginary part of Eθ for ϕ = 0°.Figure 9.31 Interpolation of the real part of Eθ for ϕ = 90°.Figure 9.32 Interpolation of the imaginary part of Eθ for ϕ = 90°.Figure 9.33 Interpolation of the real part of Eφ for ϕ = 0°.Figure 9.34 Interpolation of the imaginary part of Eφ for ϕ = 0°.Figure 9.35 Interpolation of the real part of Eφ for ϕ = 90°.Figure 9.36 Interpolation of the imaginary part of Eφ for ϕ = 90°.Figure 9.37 Comparison between the original far‐field and interpolated far‐f...Figure 9.38 Rotated parabolic reflector antenna.Figure 9.39 Interpolation of the real part of Eθ for ϕ = 0°.Figure 9.40 Interpolation of the imaginary part of Eθ for ϕ = 0°.Figure 9.41 Interpolation of the real part of Eθ for ϕ = 90°.Figure 9.42 Interpolation of the imaginary part of Eθ for ϕ = 90°.Figure 9.43 Interpolation of the real part of Eφ for ϕ = 0°.Figure 9.44 Interpolation of the imaginary part of Eφ for ϕ = 0°.Figure 9.45 Interpolation of the real part of Eφ for ϕ = 90°.Figure 9.46 Interpolation of the imaginary part of Eφ for ϕ = 90°.Figure 9.47 Comparison between the original far‐field and the interpolated f...Figure 9.48 Extrapolation of the real part of Eθ for ϕ = 0°.Figure 9.49 Extrapolation of the Imaginary part of Eθ for ϕ = 0°.Figure 9.50 Extrapolation of the real part of Eθ for ϕ = 90°.Figure 9.51 Extrapolation of the imaginary part of Eθ for ϕ = 90°.Figure 9.52 Extrapolation of the real part of Eφ for ϕ = 0°.Figure 9.53 Extrapolation of the imaginary part of Eφ for ϕ = 0°.Figure 9.54 Extrapolation of the real part of Eφ for ϕ = 90°.Figure 9.55 Extrapolation of the imaginary part of Eφ for ϕ = 90°.Figure 9.56 Comparison between the original far‐field and the extrapolated f...Figure 9.57 Extrapolation of the real part of Eθ for ϕ = 0°.Figure 9.58 Extrapolation of the imaginary part of Eθ for ϕ = 0°.Figure 9.59 Extrapolation of the real part of Eθ for ϕ = 90°.Figure 9.60 Extrapolation of the imaginary part of Eθ for ϕ = 90°.Figure 9.61 Extrapolation of the real part of Eφ for ϕ = 0°Figure 9.62 Extrapolation of the imaginary part of Eφ for ϕ = 0°.Figure 9.63 Extrapolation of the real part of Eφ for ϕ = 90°.Figure 9.64 Extrapolation of the imaginary part of Eφ for ϕ = 90°.Figure 9.65 Comparison between original and extrapolated far‐field.
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Antenna measurement carried out in an anechoic chamber.Figure 10.2 A diagram for the radiation pattern measurement system.Figure 10.3 Multiple reflections exist between the AUT and the probe in the ...Figure 10.4 Model of the measurement system with one PEC plate as the reflec...Figure 10.5 Dimensions of the helical antenna with a reflecting plate (AUT)....Figure 10.6 Dimensions of the 6‐element Yagi antenna (AUT).Figure 10.7 Dimensions of the horn antenna which is used as a probe.Figure 10.8 Current distribution on the feed dipole of the helical antenna w...Figure 10.9 Amplitude pattern for the horn antenna with one PEC plate as the...Figure 10.10 Phase pattern for the horn antenna with one PEC plate as the re...Figure 10.11 Amplitude of the environmental effects when one PEC plate is us...Figure 10.12 Amplitude pattern for the helical antenna with one PEC plate as...Figure 10.13 Phase pattern for the helical antenna with one PEC plate as the...Figure 10.14 Amplitude pattern for the Yagi antenna with one PEC plate as th...Figure 10.15 Phase pattern for the Yagi antenna with one PEC plate as the re...Figure 10.16 Model of the measurement system with two PEC plates as the refl...Figure 10.17 Current distribution on the feed dipole of the helical antenna ...Figure 10.18 Amplitude pattern for the horn antenna with two PEC plates as t...Figure 10.19 Phase pattern for the horn antenna with two PEC plates as the r...Figure 10.20 Amplitude of the environmental effects when two PEC plates are ...Figure 10.21 Amplitude pattern for the helical antenna with two PEC plates a...Figure 10.22 Phase pattern for the helical antenna with two PEC plates as th...Figure 10.23 Amplitude pattern for the Yagi antenna with two PEC plates as t...Figure 10.24 Phase pattern for the Yagi antenna with two PEC plates as the r...Figure 10.25 Model of the measurement system with four PEC plates as the ref...Figure 10.26 Current distribution on the feed dipole of the helical antenna ...Figure 10.27 Amplitude pattern for the horn antenna with four PEC plates as ...Figure 10.28 Phase pattern for the horn antenna with four PEC plates as the ...Figure 10.29 Amplitude of the environmental effects when four PEC plates are...Figure 10.30 Amplitude pattern for the helical antenna with four PEC plates ...Figure 10.31 Phase pattern for the helical antenna with four PEC plates as t...Figure 10.32 Amplitude pattern for the Yagi antenna with four PEC plates as ...Figure 10.33 Phase pattern for the Yagi antenna with four PEC plates as the ...Figure 10.34 Model of a parabolic reflector antenna with its feeding structu...Figure 10.35 Amplitude pattern for the parabolic reflector antenna.Figure 10.36 Phase pattern for the parabolic reflector antenna.Figure 10.37 Amplitude pattern for the new parabolic reflector antenna.Figure 10.38 Phase Amplitude pattern for the new parabolic reflector antenna...Figure 10.39 Model of the measurement system with a Yagi as the probe.Figure 10.40 Amplitude pattern for the horn antenna system with a Yagi as th...Figure 10.41 Phase pattern for the horn antenna system with a Yagi as the pr...Figure 10.42 Amplitude pattern for the helical antenna with a Yagi as the pr...Figure 10.43 Phase pattern for the helical antenna with a Yagi as the probe....Figure 10.44 Amplitude pattern for the Yagi antenna with a Yagi as the probe...Figure 10.45 Phase pattern for the Yagi antenna with a Yagi as the probe.Figure 10.46 Model of the measurement system with a parabolic reflector as t...Figure 10.47 Amplitude pattern for the horn antenna with a parabolic reflect...Figure 10.48 Phase pattern for the horn antenna with a parabolic reflector a...Figure 10.49 Amplitude pattern for the parabolic reflector antenna with a pa...Figure 10.50 Phase pattern for the parabolic reflector antenna with a parabo...Figure 10.51 Model of the measurement system with a dipole as the probe.Figure 10.52 Amplitude pattern for the horn antenna with a dipole as the pro...Figure 10.53 Phase pattern for the horn antenna with a dipole as the probe....Figure 10.54 Amplitude pattern for the helical antenna with a dipole as the ...Figure 10.55 Phase pattern for the helical antenna with a dipole as the prob...Figure 10.56 Amplitude pattern for the Yagi antenna with a dipole as the pro...Figure 10.57 Phase pattern for the Yagi antenna with a dipole as the probe....Figure 10.58 The new model of the measurement system with four PEC plates.Figure 10.59 Dimensions of a new horn antenna model (Probe).Figure 10.60 Dimensions of a new helical antenna model with a reflecting pla...Figure 10.61 Dimensions of a new 6‐element Yagi antenna model (AUT).Figure 10.62 Current distribution on the feed dipole of the helical antenna....Figure 10.63 Amplitude pattern for the horn antenna using the new model.Figure 10.64 Phase pattern for the horn antenna using the new model.Figure 10.65 Amplitude of the environmental effects using the new model.Figure 10.66 Amplitude pattern for the helical antenna using the new model....Figure 10.67 Phase pattern for the helical antenna using the new model.Figure 10.68 Amplitude pattern for the Yagi antenna using the new model.Figure 10.69 Phase pattern for the Yagi antenna using the new model.Figure 10.70 Comparison of the reconstructed patterns for the helical antenn...Figure 10.71 Comparison of the reconstructed patterns for the Yagi antenna u...Figure 10.72 Comparison of the models with different PEC plate widths.Figure 10.73 Comparison of the reconstructed patterns for the helical antenn...Figure 10.74 Comparison of the reconstructed patterns for the Yagi antenna u...Figure 10.75 Multiple reflections exist in the whole spatial domain.Figure 10.76 Model of a new parabolic reflector antenna with its feeding str...Figure 10.77 Model of the measurement system with four very wide PEC plates....Figure 10.78 Three‐dimensional plot of the ideal and non‐ideal radiation pat...Figure 10.79 Three‐dimensional plot of the ideal and non‐ideal radiation pat...Figure 10.80 Three‐dimensional plot of the ideal and non‐ideal radiation pat...Figure 10.81 Current distribution on the feed dipole on the Yagi antenna wit...Figure 10.82 Current distribution on the feed dipole of the parabolic reflec...Figure 10.83 Three‐dimensional plot of the reconstructed pattern for the Yag...Figure 10.84 Comparison of the reconstructed patterns for the Yagi antenna a...Figure 10.85 Comparison of the reconstructed patterns for the Yagi antenna a...Figure 10.86 Three‐dimensional plot of the reconstructed pattern for the par...Figure 10.87 Comparison of the reconstructed patterns for the parabolic refl...Figure 10.88 Comparison of the reconstructed patterns for the parabolic refl...Figure 10.89 Model of the measurement system with four PEC plates and the gr...Figure 10.90 Three‐dimensional plot of the ideal and non‐ideal radiation pat...Figure 10.91 Three‐dimensional plot of the ideal and non‐ideal radiation pat...Figure 10.92 Three‐dimensional plot of the ideal and non‐ideal radiation pat...Figure 10.93 Current distribution on the feed dipole of the Yagi antenna wit...Figure 10.94 Three‐dimensional plot of the reconstructed pattern for the Yag...Figure 10.95 Comparison of the reconstructed patterns for the Yagi antenna a...Figure 10.96 Comparison of the reconstructed patterns for the Yagi antenna a...Figure 10.97 Three‐dimensional plot of the reconstructed pattern for the par...Figure 10.98 Comparison of the reconstructed patterns for the parabolic refl...Figure 10.99 Comparison of the reconstructed patterns for the parabolic refl...Figure 10.100 Model of the measurement system with six PEC plates forming an...Figure 10.101 Three‐dimensional plot of the ideal and non‐ideal radiation pa...Figure 10.102 Three‐dimensional plot of the ideal and non‐ideal radiation pa...Figure 10.103 Three‐dimensional plot of the ideal and non‐ideal radiation pa...Figure 10.104 Current distribution on the feed dipole of the Yagi antenna wi...Figure 10.105 Three‐dimensional plot of the reconstructed pattern for the Ya...Figure 10.106 Comparison of the reconstructed patterns for the Yagi antenna ...Figure 10.107 Comparison of the reconstructed patterns for the Yagi antenna ...Figure 10.108 Three‐dimensional plot of the reconstructed pattern of the par...Figure 10.109 Comparison of the reconstructed patterns for the parabolic ref...Figure 10.110 Comparison of the reconstructed patterns for the parabolic ref...Figure 10.111 Model of the measurement system within a closed PEC box.Figure 10.112 Three‐dimensional plot of the ideal and non‐ideal radiation pa...Figure 10.113 Three‐dimensional plot of the ideal and non‐ideal radiation pa...Figure 10.114 Three‐dimensional plot of the ideal and non‐ideal radiation pa...Figure 10.115 Current distribution on the feed dipole of the Yagi antenna. (...Figure 10.116 Model of the measurement system within a closed box with 6 die...Figure 10.117 Current distribution on the feed dipole of the Yagi antenna wh...Figure 10.118 Comparison of the patterns for the Yagi antenna along differen...Figure 10.119 Comparison of the patterns for the Yagi antenna along differen...Figure 10.120 Comparison of the patterns for the parabolic reflector antenna...Figure 10.121 Comparison of the patterns for the parabolic reflector antenna...Figure 10.122 Data mapping illustration.Figure 10.123 Points of complex roots on the unit circle.
