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Weights and Measures

Conversions, Equivalents, and Substitutions

You will find that all of the recipes given in this book are given in the American system of weights and measures, but metric equivalents are also given wherever possible. When doing your own cooking, decide which one of these two systems you are going to use—the U.S. or metric—and stick to it! The reason for this is that the conversions are only equivalent, and that the proportions will only be right within one system. The conversion and equivalent tables are given here to help you sort out the trickiest problems.

Conversions

Solid Measures
Ounces and Pounds to Grams and Kilograms
Ounces	Pounds	Approximate Weight	Convenient Equivalent	Actual Weight
1 oz		30 g	30 g	28.35 g
2 oz		57 g	60 g	56.7 g
3 oz		85 g	85 g	85.05 g
4 oz	¼ lb	113 g	115 g	113.4 g
5 oz		142 g	140 g	141.8 g
6 oz		171 g	170 g	170.1 g
7 oz		198 g	200 g	198.5 g
8 oz	½ lb	227 g	225 g	226.8 g
9 oz		255 g	255 g	255.2 g
12 oz	¾ lb	340 g	340 g	340.2 g
16 oz	1 lb	454 g	450 g	453.6 g
24 oz	1½ lb	680 g	680 g	680.4 g
32 oz	2 lb	907 g	905 g	907.2 g
35.2 oz	2.2	1 Kg	1 Kg	1 Kg

The relationship between volume measures and weight measures varies depending upon the type of ingredient. For example, the weights of 1 cup of sliced fresh mushrooms (70 g), spinach leaves (100 g), chopped almonds (127 g), rice (200 g), low-fat yogurt (227 g), and skimmed milk (245 g) are radically different.

Below is a list of useful conversions of dry measures:

USA	UK (metric)
1 oz	28.35 g (rounded to 28 g)
1 lb	453.6 g (rounded to 454 g)
UK (metric)	USA
1000 mg	.035 oz
1 g	.035 oz
1 Kg	2.21 lb

Liquid Measures
Spoons and Cups	Fluid Ounces	Approximate Metric Term	Approximate Centiliters	Actual Milliliters
(USA)	(floz)	(dl/L)	(cl=cc)	(ml)
1 tsp	1/6 floz	1 tsp	0.5 cl	4.9 ml
(1/3 Tbsp)
3 tsp	½ floz	1 Tbsp	1.5 cl	14.8 ml
(1 Tbsp)
2 Tbsp	1 floz	2 Tbsp (.3 dl)	3.0 cl	29.6 ml
(1/8 cup)
4 Tbsp	2 floz	4 Tbsp (.6 dl)	6.0 cl	59.1 ml
(¼ cup)
5 Tbsp	22/3 floz	5 Tbsp (.75 dl)	7.5 cl	78.9 ml
(1/3 cup)
8 Tbsp	4 floz	1.0 dl	12.0 cl	118.3 ml
(½ cup)
cup	51/3 floz	1.5 dl	15.0 cl	157.7 ml
(10 Tbsp)
¾ cup	6 floz	1.75 dl	18.0 cl	177.4 ml
(12 Tbsp)
1 cup	8 floz	0.25 L	24.0 cl	236.6 ml
(16 Tbsp)
2 cups	16 floz	0.50 L	47.0 cl	473.2 ml
(1 pint)
4 cups	32 floz	1.0 L	95.0 cl	946.4 ml

Note that the British, or metric, cup is larger than the American cup, which makes a difference in the capacities of pints and spoons as well. This is why you cannot cook with metric measures and American measuring spoons—the proportions will be off. The following is a table of some useful equivalents:

	USA	UK (metric)
	1½ tsp	1 tsp
	1½ Tbsp	1 Tbsp
1 tsp	4.9 ml	6.25 ml
1 Tbsp	14.8 ml	20.0 ml
¼ cup	59.1 ml	62.5 ml
½ cup	118.3 ml	125.0 ml
1 cup	236 ml	250.0 ml
1 pint (2 cups)	473 ml	500.0 ml
2 pints	946 ml (1 qt)	1.0 L (1.057 qt)
1 gallon	3.78 L (4 qt)	4.0 L (4.228 qt)

Approximate Temperature Conversions
Temperature	Fahrenheit	Centigrade
Coldest area of freezer	-10	-23
Freezer	0	-17
Water freezes	32	0
Water simmers	115	46
Water scalds	130	54
Water boils (at sea level)	212	100
Soft ball	234	112
Firm ball	244	117
Hard ball	250	121
Very low oven	250-275	121-133
Low oven	300-325	149-163
Moderate (medium) oven	350-375	177-190
Hot oven	400-425	204-218
Very hot oven	450-475	232-246
Extremely hot oven	500-525	260-274

To convert Fahrenheit into Centigrade (Celsius), first subtract 32; then multiply the result by 5, and then divide by 9.

Example:	212-32 = 180
	180 x 5=900
	900/9=100

To convert Centigrade into Fahrenheit, follow the above procedure in reverse. That is, first multiply by 9; then divide the result by 5, and then add 32.

Example:	100x9=900
	900/5 = 180
	180+32=212

Approximate Conversions of Prepared Foods

1. Canned goods

Can sizes	Contents (oz/g)	Approximate Cups
5-oz	5 oz	(142 g)	5/8
8-oz	8 oz	(227 g)	1
Picnic	10.5-12 oz	(298-340 g)	1¼
12-oz vacuum	12 oz	(340 g)	1½
No. 300	14-16 oz	(397-454 g)	1¾
No. 303	16-17 oz	(454-482 g)	2
No. 2	1 lb 4 oz	(567 g)	2½
or:	1 pt 2 floz	(625 ml)	2½
No. 2½	1 lb 13 oz	(822 g)	3½
No. 3	46 oz	(1.3 Kg)	5¾
Condensed milk	14 floz	(397 ml)	11/3
Evaporated milk	51/3 floz	(151 ml)	2/3
or:	13 floz	(369 ml)	12/3

2. Frozen foods

Product	Contents (oz/g)
Fruits, boxed canned	10-16 oz (284 g)
13½-16 oz (383-454 g)
Juice concentrates	6 oz (170 g)
Vegetables	8-16 oz (227-454 g)

Substitutions
coconut milk	= equal amount of low-fat yogurt or buttermilk
coriander leaves, fresh	= fresh mint leaves (but it gives a different flavor to the dish; mint is an excellent substitute in Indian and Thai dishes)
cornstarch, 1 Tbsp	= 2 Tbsp flour (for thickening)
daikon	= a large white turnip
egg, 1 whole	= 2 egg whites (in soups and liquid mixtures)
fish sauce	= low-sodium soy sauce (but the taste will be quite different)
five-spice powder	= combination of ground star anise, cinnamon, and fennel, or of anise, pepper, and cloves
garlic, fresh, 1 clove	= ¼ tsp powdered, or to taste
ginger, fresh, green root, grated, 1 Tbsp	= preserved ginger with syrup washed off, or ¼-½ tsp powdered ground ginger
herbs, fresh, chopped, 1 Tbsp	= 1 tsp dried or ½ tsp powdered
milk, fresh, 1 cup	= ½ cup evaporated milk + ½ cup water
nonfat, 1 cup	= 1 cup reconstituted nonfat dry milk
sour, 1 cup	= 1 Tbsp lemon juice/white vinegar+enough milk to make 1 cup
mirin, 1 teaspoon	= 1 teaspoon saké+scant ⅛ teaspoon sugar
rice vinegar	= mild white vinegar
rice wine, Chinese (lao-jiu)	= pale dry sherry
Japanese (saké)	= medium-dry white wine
sansho	= black pepper (but the taste is very different)
shichimi togarashi	= crushed dried chilies or cayenne
Sichuan pepper	= half and half dried basil and black pepper, or just black pepper; Japanese sansho is a good substitute