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25 “The Data Deluge.” The Economist Feb. 25, 2010.

26 Declan McCullagh, “E911—Aid or Intrusion?” CNet News Aug. 18, 2003 http://news.cnet.com.

27 Andrew Maykuth, “Utilities’ Smart Meters Save Money, but Erode Privacy,” The Philadelphia Inquirer Sept. 6, 2009.

28 Christian Stöcker, “How Wired Gadgets Encroach on Privacy,” Business Week July 29, 2009.

29 Pete Cashmore, “Privacy Is Dead, and Social Media Hold Smoking Gun,” Special to CNN Oct. 28, 2009.

30 Sarah Perez, “Watchdog Group EFF Sues Government Regarding Social Media Surveillance Tactics,” Read Write Web

Dec. 3, 2009 http://www.readwriteweb.com.

31 Bruce Schneier, “Privacy in the Age of Persistence,” Cryptogram March 2009.

32 “FBI Wants Records Kept of Web Sites Visited,” CNet News Feb. 5, 2010 http://news.cnet.com.

33 “Insurer Halts Woman’s Benefits Over Facebook Photo,” CBS (Canada) Nov. 22 2009.

34 “Helpful Hint for Fugitives: Don’t Update Your Location on Facebook,” Bruce Schneier Blog Oct. 19, 2009 http://www.schneier.com/blog.

35 Carolyn Y. Johnson, “Project ‘Gaydar,”’ The Boston Globe Sept. 20, 2009.

36 “Worldwide Mug File,” Privacy Journal June 2010.

37 Donna Rosato, “Your Credit Card Company Is Watching You (for Now),” CNN Aug. 25, 2009.

38 Shane Harris, “FBI, Pentagon Pay for Access to Trove of Public Records,” Government Executive Nov. 11, 2005 http://www.govexec.com.

39 “Privacy and Human Rights,” Global Internet Liberty Campaign (1997) http://www.gilc.org.

40 Council Directive 95/46/EC (Oct. 24, 1995).

41 James Bamford, “The NSA Is Still Listening to You,” Salon July 22, 2009 http://www.salon.com.

42 John Leicester, “Europe, U.S. Take U.K. Lead on Cameras,” Associated Press July 10, 2007.

43 Wayne Madsen, Handbook of Personal Data Protection (Stockton Press, 1992).

44 Julie K. Petersen, Understanding Surveillance Technologies (CRC Press, 2001).

45 Renee LePere, “More and More Employers Checking Applicants’ Credit,” Charlotte Sun-Herald (Florida) Sept. 14, 2003.

46 “Need Credit or Insurance? Your Credit Score Helps Determine What You’ll Pay,” Federal Trade Commission July 2007.

47 Paul Wenske, “Credit Score Could Determine Flight Status,” Kansas City Star (Missouri) April 27, 2003.

48 Quoted in Julie Appleby, “File Safe? Health Records May Not Be Confidential,” USA Today March 23, 2000.

49 “Your Past, Present and Future Private Medical Records Will Become Open to the Federal Government (HHS), Data-Processing Companies, Insurers, Hospitals, Doctors and Others, without Your Consent, Beginning Oct. 15, 2002,” Press Release from the Institute for Health Freedom Aug. 26, 2002.

50 “Face it, You’re Toiling in a Fishbowl,” U.S. News Oct. 2, 2000.

51 Linda McGlasson, “Identity Fraud Survey Shows ID Theft Up 22%,” Bank Infosecurity Feb. 9, 2009 http://www. bankinfosecurity.com.

52 Ibid.

53 Susan Sward, “A Strange Case of Identity Theft,” The San Francisco Chronicle March 22, 2009.

54 Joseph Menn, “ID Theft Infects Medical Records,” The Los Angeles Times Sept. 25, 2006.

55 “A Look into the Dark Underbelly of Data Breaches.” Network World May 30, 2008.

56 Brad Dorfman, “TJX Card Problem Flags Retail Identify Theft Risk,” Reuters April 1, 2007.

57 Jaikumar Vijayan, “The 2009 Data Breach Hall of Shame,” Computerworld Dec. 17, 2009.

58 Bob Sullivan, “Online Job Listing an ID Theft Scam,” MSNBC News Nov. 4, 2002.

59 Ryan Singel, “Appeals Court Rules Against Secret Police GPS Tracking,” Wired News Aug. 6, 2010.

60 “Muddled Messages: Just What Can Police Do When It Comes to GPS?” The Lakeland (Wis.) Times May 22, 2009.

61 Bob Barr, “OnStar Online to U.S. Government,” The Hawaii Reporter Dec. 2, 2003.

62 Shaun Waterman, “Courts Pinpoint Cops’ GPS Use—Privacy Right Might Block Technology,” The Washington Times Sept. 8, 2010.

63 Lorraine Mirabella & Liz F. Kay, “Why Not Pay as You Drive?” The Baltimore Sun Sept. 21, 2008.

64 Perry Zucker, “Legal Ramifications for Automobile Black Boxes,” Expert Law June 2003 http://www.expertlaw.com.

65 Pete Donahue, “Swiping at Crime: Cases Solved by Tracking MetroCard Use,” The New York Daily News Jan. 31, 2000.

66 “Police Secretly Snapping Up to 14 Million Drivers a Day,” The Times Online April 4, 2010 http://www.thetimes.co.uk.

67 Lillian Doris, The American Way in Taxation: Internal Revenue, 1862-1963 (Prentice-Hall, 1994).

68 Pub. L. 91-508, Titles I and II, 84 Stat. 1114 (1970).

69 “EPIC Urges Accuracy Requirements for Criminal Justice Record Database,” Press Release from the Electronic Privacy Information Center Feb. 20, 2004 http://www.epic.org.

70 Use and Management of Criminal History Record Information: A Comprehensive Report (U.S. Department of Justice 2001).

71 “U.S. Lifts FBI Criminal Database Checks,” Associated Press March 25, 2003.

72 M. L. Elrick, “Police Say Suspended Cop Abused Database,” The Detroit Free Press Aug. 8, 2001.

73 “Former FBI Employee James J. Hill Pleads Guilty in Connection with the Theft and Sale of FBI Records,” Press Release from U.S. Attorney’s Office, Eastern District of New York Sept. 4, 2001.

74 Andrew Stern, “Who Watches the Watchers in Surveillance Society?” Reuters Feb. 5, 2007.

75 “‘Talking’ CCTV Scolds Offenders,” BBC News April 4, 2007.

76 Mike Swain, “New Smart CCTV Cameras Will be Watching You,” The Mirror (U.K.) Sept. 24, 2009 http://mirror.co.uk.

77 “Thousands of Security Webcams Wide Open,” The Vnunet News Jan. 5, 2005 http://www.v3.co.uk/news.

78 Simon de Bruxelles, “Crimespotting: The New Way to Make Money on the Internet,” The London Times Oct. 6, 2009.

79 “A Bad Day for Big Brother,” The National Post (U.K.) May 7, 2007.

80 Tom Whitehead, “CCTV Only Effective at Cutting Car Crime,” The Telegraph (UK) May 18, 2009.

81 See, e.g., Nicky Jansen, “Compulsory Identification in the Netherlands,” Radio Netherlands Dec. 17, 2004.

82 Pub. L. 109-13, 119 Stat. 231 (2005).

83 Bruce Schneier, “Security at What Cost?” The Minneapolis Star Tribune Feb. 23, 2008.

84 Deborah Circelli, “Applied Digital Gets FDA Approval on Chip,” The Palm Beach Post (Florida) Oct. 23, 2002.

85 Ibid.

86 Todd Lewan, “Chip Implants Linked to Animal Tumors,” Associated Press Sept. 8, 2007.

87 Valerie Elliot, “Speed Through the Checkout with Just a Wave of Your Arm,” The Times (U.K.) Oct. 10, 2006.

88 Laurie Sullivan, “VeriChip Injects RFID Into Immigration Debate,” TechSearch May 18, 2006.

89 “Privacy Under Attack The Spychips Story.” The Conservative Voice March 22, 2006.

90 Robert Ellis Smith, “Scary Stuff,” Forbes Nov. 26, 2007.

91 The fictional Borg are a highly advanced and aggressive network of humanoid drones that is part organic, part artificial life. At birth, a Borg infant is implanted with chips that give it improved mental and physical abilities. The chips link the baby’s brain to a collective consciousness which gives it seamless access to all knowledge assimilated by the Borg over thousands of years. The drone is not aware of itself as a separate individual within the collective.

92 Kevin Haggerty, “One Generation is All They Need,” The Toronto Star Oct. 12, 2006.

93 Isaac B. Rosenberg, “Involuntary Endogenous RFID Compliance Monitoring as a Condition of Federal Supervised Release– Chips Ahoy?” Yale Journal of Law and Technology, Vol. 10: 331 (2008).

94 “Will GPS Technology Lead to ‘Geoslavery’?” USA Today March 7, 2003.

95 Allan Jung, “Framingham Native Irked by Local Bank Asking for Fingerprint,” Metro West Daily News Dec. 31, 2008.

96 Benita Y. Williams, “Pulled Over in Kansas? Get Ready to Show Your License, Registration — and Fingerprints,” The Kansas City Star March 22, 2006.

97 “FBI Apologizes to Lawyer Held in Madrid Bombings,” MS-NBC May 25, 2004 http://www.msnbc.com.

98 Steve Ranger, “Be Careful Where You Leave Your Fingerprints,” Silicon.com July 20, 2006 http://www.silicon.com.

99 “History of DNA Testing,” DNA Diagnostics Center (2009) http://www.dnacenter.com.

100 “Rules Will Allow DNA Samples from Federal Detainees,” The Los Angeles Times Dec. 13, 2008.

101 Solomon Moore, “FBI and States Vastly Expand DNA Databases,” The New York Times April 19, 2009.

102 Maura Dolan & Jason Felch, “The Danger of DNA: It Isn’t Perfect,” The Los Angeles Times Dec. 26, 2008.

103 “Bush Signs Bill to Take All Newborns’ DNA,” Infowars May 2, 2008 http://www.infowars.net.

104 Maura Dolan & Jason Felch, “The Danger of DNA: It Isn’t Perfect,” The Los Angeles Times Dec. 26, 2008.

105 “Have a Gold Star on Your Drivers License? You Win a Prize,” Live Free Radio Aug. 6, 2010.

106 “Don’t Smile: Get Ready for New Type of Passport,” The Virginian Pilot Aug. 7, 2004.

107 Mark Williams, “Better Face Recognition Software,” Technology Review May 30, 2007.

108 “U.K. Government Says No Plans for FBI DNA Database Hookup,” The Register Jan. 17, 2008.

109 Adam Liptak, “If Your Hard Drive Could Testify,” The New York Times Jan. 7, 2008.

110 Matthew Geige & Lorrie Faith Cranor, Counter-Forensic Privacy Tools: A Forensic Evaluation (Institute for Software Research, International, Carnegie Mellon University June 2005).

111 Jennifer LeClaire, “Google’s Data Collection Gives Viacom Privacy Details,” News Factor July 7, 2008 http://www.newsfactor.com.

112 David Pogue, “How Secure Is Your Wi-Fi Connection?,” The New York Times Jan. 4, 2007.

113 “Unpatched PCs Have 20 Minute ‘Survival Time,’” Out-Law News Aug. 18, 2004.

114 Ryan Naraine, “Triple-Barreled Trojan Attack Builds Botnets,” E-Week June 4, 2005 http://www.eweek.com.

115 Tom Espiner, “Phishing Overtakes Viruses and Trojans,” CNet News Jan. 30, 2007 http://news.cnet.com.

116 See, e.g., Chris Barylick, “NSA Looking at Social-Networking Spaces,” United Press International June 15, 2006.

117 Kevin Poulsen, “Reminder: Monday Is Wiretap the Internet Day,” Wired May 11, 2007.

118 Declan McCullagh, “FBI Posts Fake Hyperlinks to Snare Child Porn Suspects,” CNet News March 20, 2008 http://news.cnet.com.

119 “Predator RQ-1 / MQ-1 / MQ-9 Reaper Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV),” airforce-technology.com downloaded Jan. 18, 2010 http://www.airforce-technology.com.

120 Patrick White, “Unmanned Drone Prowls Over the Lonely Prairie,” The Globe & Mail (Canada) Feb. 18, 2009.

121 Andrew Kalukin, “Automating Camera Surveillance for Social Control And Military Domination,” Online Journal April 29, 2005 http://www.onlinejournal.com.

122 Eric Schmitt, “Liberties Advocates Fear Abuse of Satellite Images” The New York Times Aug. 17, 2007.

123 Siobhan Gorman, “White House to Abandon Spy-Satellite Program,” The Wall Street Journal June 23, 2009.